Earth and Life Science Flashcards
Lecture 1 : The Universe and Solar SystemLecture 2 : Lecture 3 : Minerals and RocksLecture 4 : Exogenic Process Lecture 5 : Endogenic Processes Lecture 6 : Concept and Origin in the Study of Life
It is defined as all existing matter and spce considered as a whole.
Universe
The observable universe is belived to be at least 93 billion light years in diameter and constantly expanding since the big bag 13.8 billion years ago.
(True or False)
True
It describes the universe as originating in an infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point or singularity between to 13 to 14 billion years ago.
Big Bang Model of the Universe
(1929)
The universe expanded from the size of an atom to 1035 meters in width
The Big Bang Timeline
A. Inflationary Epoch
The universe continues to expand. it became distinct: gravity, strong nuclear fce and elctromagnetic force. By the first seconds, the universe is made up of fundamental particles and energy : quarks, electrons, photons, and neutrinos.
The Big Bang Timeline
B. Formation of the Universe
Protons, and neutrons combine to form hydrogen nucleic. Then hydrogen began to combine pairs to form helium nuclei. This process is called nucleosynthesis.
The Big Bang Timeline
C. Formation of Basic Elements (3 seconds)
Most of energy in the universe was in the form of raditation. These include different wavelengths of light, X-rays, radio waves and UV ways. They formed what is called the cosmic wave background radiation.
The Big Bang Timeline
D. Radiation era
Matter began to dominate and the end of radiation era at this stage, lithium atom began to formed. Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make scales neutral atoms.
The Big Bang Timeline
E. Matter domination
The slightly irregular areas of gas cloud, gravitatonal attract nearby matter and became denser. The dense gas clouds collapsed and eventually gain enough mass to ignite producing light. The huges gas cloud can be the birthplace of dozens of stars, The group of stars became the galaxies.
F. Birth of the Stars and Galaxies
How do scientist’s predict a phenomena or event?
They used Models. It is a scientist’s description of an event at that time, demonstrating how science knowledge is tentative.
Who made the geocentric model?
Claudius Ptolemy
Who made the heliocentric model?
Nicholas Copernicus
It is the quantitiy of rotation of a body, which is the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity.
Angular momentum
In Claudius Ptolemy’s geocentric model, it states that the ____ is at the center of the Solar System.
Earth
In Ncholas Copernicus’s geliocentric model, it states that the ____ is at the center of the Solar System.
Sun
In the 18th century, the understanding of how the Solar System orginaited became more than just descriptive models: it became ____?
Scientific
This theory by Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace, presumes that the Solar System began as a cloud of dispersed interstellar gas called nebula.
Nebular Hypothesis/Kant-Laplace Nebular Hypothesis
What are the Terrestrial Planets?
- **Mercury
- Venus
- Earth
- Mars**
It is also known as the Gaseous Planets. They were the planets outside the asteroid belt. These planets were composed mainly of gasses and has mettalic core.
Jovian Planets
What are the Jovian Planets?
- **Jupiter
- Saturn
- Uranus
- Neptune**
It is the smallest planet in the Solar System and it is closest to the Sun.
Mercury
It is the largest and densest of the terrestrial planets.
Earth
It is the hottest planet because of the dense atmosphere.
Venus
It has about one-thrid the gravity of Earth. It is known as the red planet due to its reddish appearance.
Mars
What are the two small moons of mars?
Phobos and Deimos
It is the biggest planet which is about two and a half imes more massive than all the other planets in the Solar System.
Jupiter
It is known for its extensive ring system made up of small ice and rock particles. It is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water.
Saturn
This planet has the Great Red Spot
Jupiter
It is the lightest of the outer planets.
Uranus
Jupiter has 67 known satellites. The four largest were the…?
Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa
Uranus has 27 known satellites where in the largest includes,…?
Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, and Miranda
It is the most distant planet in the solar system. And is also slightly smaller than Uranus but it is more massive and denser.
Neptune
It has 14 known satellites wherein the largest is…?
Triton
The theories that were accepted by most of the people were the ….?
Big Bang Theory and Creationism
The dense area of the nebula and the gaseous matter surrounding it ceased to rotate uniformly. Under the influence of turbulence and tidal action, the nebula broek intro whirlpools of gas within a rotating mass called ……?
Protoplanet
There are differnt theories about the origin of the universe that was belived on their own timeline.
True or False
True
What are the 3 Criteria of the IAU for a full-sized planet?
- ** It is in orbit around the Sun
- It has sufficient mass to assume hydrostratic equilibrium (a nearly round shape)
- it has “cleared the neighborhood” around its orbit.
Big Bang Model was the theory by …? (Full Name)
Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaitre
it is an infinitely dense point or also called..?
Singularity
By the first seconds after the big bang, the universe is made up of fundamental particles and energy: what is it?
Quarks
The second largest natural satellite in the solar system is __________ located in the planet Saturn
Titan
It describes how planets move as they orbit the sun
Revolution
Big bang theory is not an explosion but rather an _______ that created space
Expansion
Who propose the Geocentric Model?
**Claudius Ptolemy*
Mars
Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Terrestrial Planet
Titania
Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Natural Satellite
Earth
Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Terrestrial Planet
Saturn
Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Jovian Planet
Pluto
Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Dwarf Planet
Neptune
Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Jovian Planet
Jupiter
Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Jovian Planet
Rhea
Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Natural Satellite
Io
Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Natural Satellite
Phobos
Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial
Natural Satellite
It is characterized by its blue waters, rocky Brown and green land masses with white grounds set against the black background.
Earth
What are the compositional Layers of Earth?
— Crust
— Mantle
—Core
It is made up of erratic, complex and interactive systems that make it constantly changing planet.
Earth
What are the Mechanical Layers of Earth?
1. Lithosphere
2. Asthenosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Inner/Outer Core
It is made up of large rocks divided into two forms; oceanic and continental crust
Crust
Crust’s depth is …?
50-70 km in depth
It is outermost layer of the earth
Crust
It is mostly solid rocks and minerals and marked by malleable semi-solid magma.
Mantle
Crust is divided into two forms, which are:
Oceanic and Continental Crust
It represents about 85% of the total weight and mass of the planet.
Mantle
It is entirely made up of metal.
Core
Core is divided into two cores:
Inner and Outer Core
Other elements found in the Earth’s core are siderophiles. These are the elements that dissolv in iron and are classified as “?”
Precious Metals
It is the largest and second to the last layer of our planet.
The final layer of the Earth is _____ which is an exceedingly hot, dense huge of mostly iron 2500km wide.
Inner Core
This wave passes through the core and are detected on the far side of the Earth. Indirect signals received in this wave’s shadow zone suggest there is a solid inner core deflecting some waves.
Primary Waves/P waves
What are the Earth’s four subsystems?
1. Lithosphere
2. Hydrosphere
3. Atmosphere
4. Biosphere
This wave do not travel through liquid. We know that the outer core is liquid because of the shadow it casts on this wave.
Secondary Wave/ S waves
It is the outermost layer of a terrestrial planet that consisting of the crust and the solid outermost layer of the Earth.
Lithosphere
It is not merely the air we breathe but also a blanket of gas that surrounds our planet up to the edge of space.
Atmosphere
It is the part of the Earth where life exist.
Biosphere
It is composed of all the waters on near the Earth surface. This includes like the oceans, rivers and lakes.
Hydrosphere
The lithosphere is not a continuous layer. It is divided into a number of huge olates that move in relation to one another. (True or False)
True
It is believe that at the beginning of the Earth, the continents are all locked up into a huge landmass called ___________ as proposed by Alfred Wegener.
Pangaea
Pangaea was divided into two continents. These two are called:
Laurasia and Gondwana
What is the superocean?
Panthalassa Ocean
What are the seven continents in the world? (Largest to Smallest)
— Asia
— Africa
— North America
— South America
— Antarctica
— Europe
— Australia
The Earth’s hydrosphere can be in a form of liquid, vapor and ice such as glaciers, ice caps and ice bergs. This frozen part is called ???
Cryosphere
Mostly ninety seven (97%) percent of the Earth’s water is in the form of oceans (salty) and the rest is freshwater (non-salty). Three-quarters of this fresh water is solid and exists in the ice sheets. (true or false)
True
What are the Earth’s major oceans?
** 1. Pacific Ocean
2. Arctic Ocean
3. Indian Ocean
4. Atlantic Ocean
5. Southern Ocean**
Oceans may be divided into layers known as zones. The zones may be ____________ or ___________.
Horizontal and Vertical zone
Horizontal consists of ________ and __________ zone.
Coastal and Pelagic Zone
It begin at sea level and end at the deepest point in the ocean.
Vertical Zone
It is the region in which sea bottom is exposed during low tide and is covered during high tide.
Coastal zone
It is located sea ward of the coastal zone’s low tide mark. This is always covered with water.
Pelagic Zone
There are two divisions in Pelagic zone:
Neritic zone and Oceanic zone
It lies above the continental shelf.
Neritic zone
It begins at sea level and end at the deepest point in the ocean.
Vertical Zone
What are the five zones under vertical zone?
**1. Epipelagic zone or the sunlight zone
2. Mesopelagic or the twilight zone
3. Bathypelagic zone or the midnight zone
4. Abyssopelagic or the abyss
5. Hadalpelagic zone or the trenches
It is the zone that gets a lot of sunlight resulting to an abundance of aquatic plants.
Epipelagic zone or the Sunlight zone
It is characterized by dim light due to the limited amount of sunlight it receives.
Mesopelagic zone or the twilight zone
This zone does not receive any sunlight. Animals that live here lack eyes.
Bathypelagic zone or the Midnight Zone
It is described as deep sea. Most animals living in this area are invertebrate like blind sheimps, small squids, and hagfish.
Abyssopelagic zone or the abyss
*
It is the deepest part of the ocean. This zone is mostly found in deep water trenches and canyons.
Hadalpelagic zone or the trenches
It is the thin layer of gas envelops our planet is necessary to sustain life because contains gases essentiak humans and animals to breath.
Atmosphere
What are the 5 layers of Atmosphere?
1. Troposhere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere
it is the lowest layer that contains 80% of the total mass of the atmosphere.
Troposhere
This layer in atmosphere extends up to 50km high. It is the region where we can find the ozone layer which absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation.
Stratosphere
This region is where meteors usually burns up as they approach our planet.
Mesosphere
It is where aurora and satellites occur. It is also the hottest region
Thermosphere
It is the upper limit of our atmosphere.
Exosphere
It contains all the Earth’s living things.
Biosphere
The biosphere is divided into _______. They are the world’s major communities. They are classified according to the predominant vegetation characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular climate.
Biomes
It includes freshwater (ponds, lakes, rivers, etc). It houses numerous species if plants and animals.
Aquatic
It is sometimes referred to as the “zone of life”
Biosphere
It includes tropical, temperate, and taiga. Each type of forest has distinctive features dominated by grasses large shrubs and trees.
Forests
It includes tropical, temperate, and taiga. Each type of forest has distinctive features dominated by grasses large shrubs and trees.
Forests
Tropical Rainforests are known for dense canopies of vegetation that form 4 different layers, and these are:
Emergent Layer
Canopy Layer
Middle Layer (Understory)
Bottom Layer (Forest Floor)
These are found closer to the equator where it is warm. It is hot, moist biome where it all rains all year long.
Tropical Rainforests**
Snakes, red-eyed tree frogs, and other animals live in this part, of lower branches.
Understory
Birds, bats, and butterflies live in the tops of the tallest trees which is called the what layer?
Emergent Layer
In the tops of the shorter trees, you can find animals such as toucans and monkeys.
Canopy
Animals such as jaguars can be found on the dark ______ ________?
Forest Floor
It is a biome that is always changing. It has four distinct seasons: winter, spring, summer and fall.
Temperate Deciduous Forest
This forest is also known as boreal forest.
Taiga Forest
It is characterized by low rainfall.
Desert
It is the coldest of all the biomes, it has low biotic diversity and simple vegetarian structure.
Tundra
It is not a continuous layer. It is divided into a number of huge plates that move in relation to one another.
The Lithosphere
It is characterized by its blue waters,rocky brown and green land masses with white grounds set against the black background.
Earth
It is an aggregrate of one or more minerals
Rock
Rocks can be minerals but not all minerals are rocks
True
What are the three optical properties of Minerals?
1. Luster
2. Color
3. Streak
What are the two properties of minerals regarding mineral strength
1. Tenacity
2. Hardness
It is the quality of light that being reflected by the surface of a mineral
Luster
It looks like a shiny metal such as chrome, steel, silver, or gold
Metallic Luster
These minerals may be shiny and reflect light, however, they do not look like a metal.
Non-metallic Luster
It is when the light that strikes the object does not pass through the mineral
opaque
When light strikes a ________ mineral, some of the light passes through it.
translucent
Color is one of the properties of a mineral and considered as a reliable property when identifying minerals (true or false)
false
What type of rocks are formed by cooling of molten materials above the Earth’s surface?
Volcanic Rocks
Which of the following is not a physical property of a mineral?
a. Luster
b. Tenacity
c. Specific Gravity
d. Flammability
D. Flammability
Which of the following is not a criterion of minerals?
a. Minerals should be organic
b. Minerals should be naturally occuring
c. Minerals should be solid
d. Minerals should have orderly structure
a. Minerals should be organic
Which of the following statement is correct?
a. Metamorphic rocks solidify to form igneous rocks.
b. Magma that crystallizes and solidifies at the surface of the earth(lava) is called volcanic rock or extrusive igneous rock
c. Uplifting is the process of forming magma from metamorphic rocks.
d. Compacting and sedimentation changes igneous to metamorphic rocks.
b. Magma that crystallizes and solidifies at the surface of the earth(lava) is called volcanic rock or extrusive igneous rock.
Which of the following conditions rock melts and forms into magma?
a. The addition of fluids, such as water, may increase the melting point of some minerals in the rock and cause the rock to melt.
b. If the temperature of the rock rises above the melting point of the minerals the rock composed, of the rock will melt.
c. If enough pressure is added in the rock, the melting point will decrease and the rock will melt.
d. If the rock experienced too much stress, deformation of the rocks occurs and when deformation happens, magma will form.
b. If the temperature of the rock rises above the melting point of the minerals the rock composed, of the rock will melt.
Based on the Mohs scale, which of the following is the 3rd hardest mineral and usually use in gemstones?
a. Corundum
b. Topaz
c. Quartz
d. Calcite
b. Topaz
_____ is exhibited when a mineral breaks and smooth flat surfaces are formed from breakage
Cleavage
chemical sedimentary rocks contain fossils of plants and animals (true or false)
false
It is formed by accumulation, compaction and cementation of different particles because of physical and chemical weathering
Detrital sedimentary rocks
When the light strikes a ______ mineral, almost all the lights will completely pass through
Transparent
It is the property of a mineral that is easiest to identify
Color
It is the color of the mineral in powdered form. / can be obtained by rubbing the mineral across/ this property is often used in identifying the mineral since it is very consistent unlike color
Streak
It determines how easy mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress
Mineral strength
The terms used to describe mineral strength are tenacity, hardness, cleavage, and fracture
- tenacity
- hardness
- cleavage
- fracture
Refers to the mineral’s resistance to breaking or deforming. This mineral can be either brittle, malleable or elastic
Tenacity
It is the measure of a mineral’s resistance to abrasion or scratching.
Hardness
To determine the hardness of a mineral, a comparative hardness scale assigning numerical values to hardness of a mineral was ???
Friedrich Mohs
It is exhibited when a mineral breaks and smooth flat surfaces are form breakage
Cleavage
A measurement done by mineralogist to describe the density of the mineral. It also represents the ratio of the mass of the mineral to the mass of equal volume of water
Specific Gravity
Any solid that is naturally found on earth.
Rock
The magma cools and solidifies through the process of crystallization which may occur either beneath the surface of the earth or at the surface through volcanic eruption. The resulting rock is called ??
Igneous rocks
It may consist of minerals, other pre existing rocks or organic debris
Rock
The igneous rock undergo weathering (true or false)
True
The eroded materials are deposited as ??
Sediments
The sediments undergo lithification (conversion to rock) to become ???? When compacted and cemented
Sedimentary rocks
It is formed by crystallization and solidification of molten rock and made up of 80% of the mass of the earths crust (e.g. obsidian)
Igneous rock
These are formed from magma erupted from a volcano and is the most common rock types on earths surface particularly in the ocean (e.g. pumice)
Volcanic rocks
They are crystallized slowly cooling magma below the surface of the earth. (e.g. granite)
Plutonic rocks
70% of the rocks on the earth are sedimentary in origin (true or false)
True
Are metamorphic rocks without layering, banding or alignment. Marble and quartzite
Non-foliated textures
Are brought about by pressure. Pressure causes mineral grains to realign and certain minerals to recrystallized. (e.g. slate, schist and gneiss)
Foliated textures
Started out as some other types of rocks, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form
Metamorphic rocks
They are formed from consolidation of material (sediments) from pre-existing rocks, from precipitation or from life processes (e.g. sandstone)
Sedimentary rocks
Those that are formed by accumulation, compaction and cementation lf different particles that came from mechanical or chemical weathering
Detrial sedimentary rocks
Forms when dissolved materials precipitate
Chemical sedimentary rocks
They are formed by accumulated sedimentary debris caused by organic processes. (E.g bituminous coal)
Organic sedimentary
The outer layer of rocks subsequently peel off from its main mass due to excessive expansion and contraction.
Thermal and Pressure Change
Which of the following rocks in cave hangs on the ceiling?
a. Stalactites
b. Stalagmites
c. Limestone
d. Granite
a. Stalactites
Which of the following is not an agent of weathering?
a. Sand and Gravel
b. Hydration
c. Frost Action
d. Animals
a. Sand and Gravel
Which of the following is not an example of Exogenic Process?
a. Weathering
b. Metamorphism
c. Erosion
d. Mass Wasting
b. Metamorphism
Which of the following is best describes weathering?
a. A mechanical and chemical hammer that sculpts and breaks down rocks
b. A process of forming and aligning rocks
c. A mechanical and chemical process of transferring sediments and rocks
d. A formation and solidification of magma to generate rocks
a. A mechanical and chemical hammer that sculpts and breaks down rocks
Which of the following types of chemical weathering causes by too much amount of acidic rain fall that result for the rock to weather?
a. Hydration
b. Carbonation
c. Oxidation
d. Hydrolysis
b. Carbonation
Which of the following is the abrupt movement of and free fall of loosened solid rock?
a. Rock Falls
b. Avalanche
c. Landslide
d. Slump
a. Rock Falls
Which of the following best describes Mudslides?
a. A rapidly moving earth flow containing higher water content
b. A fast moving earthflow in a mountainous region
c. A sinking mass movement that occurs relatively rapid fashion
d. A sinking mass wasting in gradual movement
a. A rapidly moving earth flow containing higher water content
Which of the following involves the movement of weathered rocks from their site of weathering by different agents?
a. Mass movement
b. Weathering
c. Faulting
d. Erosion
d. Erosion
Which of the following happens whenever rocks are broken up without any changes in their chemical composition?
a. Physical Weathering
b. Chemical Weathering
c. Biological Weathering
d. All of the above
a. Physical Weathering
The physical breakdown and/or chemical alteration of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface is referred to as ?
weathering
It is the mechanical and chemical hammer that breaks down and sculpts the rock
weathering
What are the two kinds of weathering?
Physical and Chemical
These are external processes that occur at/or near the surface of Earth. These are part of the rock cycle and responsible for transforming rock into sediment
Exogenic Process
It is the decomposition of rocks due to chemical reactions occurring between the minerals in rocks and the environment.
Chemical Weathering
Chemical weathering transforms rocks and minerals exposed to water and agses in the tmosphere into new chemical compound thus, forming different rocks and minerals (true or false)
true
What are the processes that can cause physical weathering?
1. Thermal and Pressure Change
2. Wind and Waves
3. Freeze Thaws
4. Organic Acitivity
It refers to the breakdown of rocks wthout a change in its composition.
Mechanical/Physical weathering
When a rock gets hot, it expands, while at ngiht , the rock gets cold causing contraction.
true
This would mean that the rock is fractured, cracked or fragmented into smaller pieces
Breakdown
It is when rocks crumble and break into fragments because they are subjected to alaternating hot and cold temeprature many times
Thermal and Pressure Change
Repeated swings in temperature weaken the rock and in the process, mineral grains loosened fromt he rocks and eventually the rocks break down into pieces
true
It can all cause physical weathering. Tiny grains of sand are picked up and carried off by the wind, which are then blasted on the surface of rocks, smoothening them. This could wear away the rocks and weather it
Wind and Waves
This happens particularly in cold climate. The freeezing creates cracks.
Freeze and Thaw
On the seashore, the action of wave chips away and cracks the rocks. (true or false)
true
Animals and plants also take a heavy toll on rocks and causes them to wear away. It could be an animal like rabbit that burrows into a crack in the rocks as it constantly burrows and makes the cracks bigger, it ends up ripping the rocks apart.
Organic Activity
What are the process that can cause chemical weathering?
1. Hydration
2. Carbonation
3. Oxidation
It is another kind of chemical weathering process that occurs when oxygen, considered as an active gas, combines with another substances like minerals in rocks, yielding compound called oxides.
Oxidation
Water is nature’s versatile tool that can bring about chemical weathering. Molecules of some substance in rocks chemically combine with water molecules. This process is called ?
Hydration
It is when carbon dioxied may bond with other substances in a process known as ?
carbonation
involves the movement of the weathered rock from their site of weathering by agents of erosion such as wind, moving water, ice and gravity.
Erosion
Water can carry almost any size of any rocks. The greater the volume of water and the steeper the slope, the bigger and more rocks can be transported.
Transport by Water
Transport makes erosion complete because it involves the mvoement of the eroded materials and sediments (true or false)
true
Weathering does nto always occur before erosion. Erosion always follow after the weathering.
true
Wind contionously blows away loose paricles of rocks and soil from place to place. This is common in dry areas such as deserts.
Transport by Wind
These are by the internal heat of the earth, which in turn results from the radioactive decay of elements deep beneath surface.
Endogenic (internal origin)
Formed, located or occurring beneath the surface of the earth
Endogenic
It is a mixture of molten rock, minerals and gases.
Magma
Crust together with a hard upper part of the mantle (plates, crust under continents, crust under ocean)
Lithosphere
So much pressure and heat the rocks can flow like a liquid. It allows lithosphere to “float” on top of it
Asthenosphere (Below Lithospshere)
This mixture is usually made up of a hot liquid base called the ______ , minerals crystallizes by the melt, solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines and dissolved gas
Melt
At about 30-65km below the earth surface,the temperature is high enough to melt rocks into magma is how magmas formed.
true
What’s at the bottom of the deepest hole on earth?
The Kola Superdeep Borehole
Originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle known as asthenosphere
Magma
if opposite direction, convection currents drive plates apart (true or false)
true
It is the resistance to flow (an anatomy for fluidity)
Viscosity
Magma with the higher silica content has higher viscosity (true or false)
true
Magma with low temperature has higher viscosity than those with high temperature. (true or false)
true
Viscosity increases with increasing silica concentration in the magma (true or false)
True
Low silica content = Dark colored = ???
Mafic
High silica content = light colored = ???
Felsic
Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature of the magma (true or false)
true
Types of magma
- felsic magma
- intermediate
- mafic
- ultramafic
have the higher silica content than mafic magma which results in a higher gas content and higher viscosity
Intermediate Magma
The more gaseous and sticky lava tends to explode violently and cools as andesite rock (true or false)
true
The hottest and fastest flowing magma.
Ultramafic magma
Has the highest silica of all. It also has the lowest average temperature.
Felsic Magma
Has relatively low silica content but high in iron and magnesium. Has high average temperature which contributes too its low viscosity
Mafic magma
It is defined as the force that could create deformation on rocks in their shape and volume
Stress
Rock beneath the Earth’s surface experiences equal pressure exerted on it from all directions because the weight of overlying rocks. It is like the hydrostatic stress (water pressure) that a person feels pressing all over his body when diving down deep in the water
Lithostatic stress
In many cases, rock may experience an additional unequal stress due to tectonic forces.
Differential Stress
Three basic kinds of differential stress
Tension stress (stretching)
Compressional Stress (Squeezing)
Shear stress
When two plates are pushing towards each other — squeezes rock causing it to fold or break (Ocean Trenches & Mountain Ridges)
Compression stress
when two plates moves away from each other — pulls and stretches rocks (Continental Rifts & Mid-Ocean Ridges)
Tension
the rock is being pulled in opposite directions. It is similar to the motion between individual playing cards when the top of the stack is moved relative to the bottom
Shear Stress
It changes in shape by a very small amount in response to the stress. The deformation is not permanent, it is reversible. The rock return to its original shape
Elastic deformation
It is an irreversible strain wherein the rock breaks
Fracture
These are extremely long and deep break or in a rock. It is a result
Faults
If a a differential stress is applied that is greater than the rock’s yield strength, rock fracture
Brittle deformation or fracture
Occurs when brittle rocks are stretched-tectonic-tensional forces are involved and the movement of blocks of rock is mainly in the vertical direction (sinking and rising) The block is lying on the top of the fault surface is referred to as the hanging wall while one below is referred as the footwall
Dip — Slip (Normal Fault)
Hanging wall moves Hanging wall moves down relative to the footwalldown relative to the footwall
Normal fault
Hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall
Thrust fault
Occurs when brittle rocks are sheared (the opposing tectonic forces are at right angles to compression and tension directions) and the , movement of blocks of rock is chiefly in the horizon direction
Strike-slip fault
When rocks are deform in ductile in manner, instead if fracturing to form faults or joints, they may bend or fold and the resulting structure are called
Folds
These are the simplest types of folds. It occurs when the horizontal layers are bent upwards so that the two limbs of the fold are horizontal
Monoclines
Is the downward arc or curve of a fold.
Syncline
A bend in a rock layer caused by forces withing the crust of the earth
Fold
These are the folded rock formations that have an upwards convex shape
Anticlines
Endogenic process play an important role in the formation of variety of landscapes due to the movement of tectonic plates (true or false)
True
Rocks buried deep within the Earth’s crust behave differently when subjected to differential stress. It is impossible to produce fracture un the rocks the way it is at the Earth’s surface. Rocks become thicker under compressional stress and thinner under tensional stress
Ductile deformation
It is a branch of science that deals with the study of life
Biology
It is the condition that distinguishes animals, plants, and microorganisms from inorganic matter
Life
Biology helps to know about the diversity in the living world, the ways by whcih it can be conserved, more about ourselves
(true or false)
true
What are the three primary branches of biology?
1. Botany (study of plants)
2. Zoology (study of animals)
3. Microbiology (study of microorganisms)
It is the study of various aspects of living organisms and their interactions with the non-living components
Biology
What are the five modern branches of biology?
1. Bioinformatics
2. Molecular Biology
3. Pharmacogenomics
4. Genomics
5. Proteomics
Studying biology helps to udnrstand how our body is made, how it functions and how it could be maintained in a healthy manner
(true or false)
true
studying biology doesn’t help to undertsnad the resources we use and potential threats to those resources
(true or false)
false
Studying biology helps to understand how life originated on earth and how it has evolved over time
(true or false)
true
studying biology helps to imrpove our health
(true or false)
true
studying biology helps to understand our environment we live, threats to our environment and how we could conserve our environment
(true or false)
true
Studying biology helps to increase food production
*
true or false*
true
Every aspect of life from the smallest submicroscopic living particle to the largest most imposing plant and animal species is included
true or false
true
studying biology doesn’t help to understand how the characters pass from generation to generation
true or false
true
Life on earth began more than 3.8 billion years, evolving from the most basic of microbes into a dazzling array of complexity overtime
true or false
true
All living things are made up of cells
true or false
true
Other organisms are multi cellular and are composed of many cells which perform specialized and specific function
true or false
true
It is the idea that life could appear from non-living material
Spontaneous Generation
Some organisms are unicellular and consist of only a single cell that carries out all life processes
true or false
true
He is the first person to propose the idea of spontaneous generation in 4th century and helt its position as the belief on the origin of life until the 17th century
Aristotle
Spontaneous Generation is also known as ???
abiogenesis
Early Beliefs about he Origin of Life:
- frogs developed from falling drops of rain
true or false
true
It is the belief that life originates from pre-existing life.
Biogenesis
In 1668, an Italian physician, did an experiment to see if the maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs
Francisco Redi
He concluded that life arose from living matter such as maggots from eggs, not from spontaneous generation in the meat.
Francisco Redi
In 1745-1748 , a scottish clergyman and naturalist showed that microorganisms flourished in various soups that had been exposed to the air
John Needham
He concluded that life in the broth caused spontaneous generation to occur. In reality, he did not ehat it long enough to kill all th emicrobes from the broth
John Needham
In 1765-1767, an Italian abbot and biologist tried several variations on Needham’s soup experiments.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
