Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > Earth and Life Science > Flashcards

Earth and Life Science Flashcards

Lecture 1 : The Universe and Solar SystemLecture 2 : Lecture 3 : Minerals and RocksLecture 4 : Exogenic Process Lecture 5 : Endogenic Processes Lecture 6 : Concept and Origin in the Study of Life

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

It is defined as all existing matter and spce considered as a whole.

A

Universe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The observable universe is belived to be at least 93 billion light years in diameter and constantly expanding since the big bag 13.8 billion years ago.

(True or False)

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

It describes the universe as originating in an infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point or singularity between to 13 to 14 billion years ago.

A

Big Bang Model of the Universe
(1929)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The universe expanded from the size of an atom to 1035 meters in width

The Big Bang Timeline

A

A. Inflationary Epoch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The universe continues to expand. it became distinct: gravity, strong nuclear fce and elctromagnetic force. By the first seconds, the universe is made up of fundamental particles and energy : quarks, electrons, photons, and neutrinos.

The Big Bang Timeline

A

B. Formation of the Universe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Protons, and neutrons combine to form hydrogen nucleic. Then hydrogen began to combine pairs to form helium nuclei. This process is called nucleosynthesis.

The Big Bang Timeline

A

C. Formation of Basic Elements (3 seconds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most of energy in the universe was in the form of raditation. These include different wavelengths of light, X-rays, radio waves and UV ways. They formed what is called the cosmic wave background radiation.

The Big Bang Timeline

A

D. Radiation era

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Matter began to dominate and the end of radiation era at this stage, lithium atom began to formed. Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make scales neutral atoms.

The Big Bang Timeline

A

E. Matter domination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The slightly irregular areas of gas cloud, gravitatonal attract nearby matter and became denser. The dense gas clouds collapsed and eventually gain enough mass to ignite producing light. The huges gas cloud can be the birthplace of dozens of stars, The group of stars became the galaxies.

A

F. Birth of the Stars and Galaxies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do scientist’s predict a phenomena or event?

A

They used Models. It is a scientist’s description of an event at that time, demonstrating how science knowledge is tentative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who made the geocentric model?

A

Claudius Ptolemy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who made the heliocentric model?

A

Nicholas Copernicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

It is the quantitiy of rotation of a body, which is the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity.

A

Angular momentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In Claudius Ptolemy’s geocentric model, it states that the ____ is at the center of the Solar System.

A

Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In Ncholas Copernicus’s geliocentric model, it states that the ____ is at the center of the Solar System.

A

Sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the 18th century, the understanding of how the Solar System orginaited became more than just descriptive models: it became ____?

A

Scientific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

This theory by Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace, presumes that the Solar System began as a cloud of dispersed interstellar gas called nebula.

A

Nebular Hypothesis/Kant-Laplace Nebular Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the Terrestrial Planets?

A
  • **Mercury
  • Venus
  • Earth
  • Mars**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

It is also known as the Gaseous Planets. They were the planets outside the asteroid belt. These planets were composed mainly of gasses and has mettalic core.

A

Jovian Planets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the Jovian Planets?

A
  • **Jupiter
  • Saturn
  • Uranus
  • Neptune**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

It is the smallest planet in the Solar System and it is closest to the Sun.

A

Mercury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

It is the largest and densest of the terrestrial planets.

A

Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

It is the hottest planet because of the dense atmosphere.

A

Venus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

It has about one-thrid the gravity of Earth. It is known as the red planet due to its reddish appearance.

A

Mars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two small moons of mars?

A

Phobos and Deimos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

It is the biggest planet which is about two and a half imes more massive than all the other planets in the Solar System.

A

Jupiter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

It is known for its extensive ring system made up of small ice and rock particles. It is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water.

A

Saturn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

This planet has the Great Red Spot

A

Jupiter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

It is the lightest of the outer planets.

A

Uranus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Jupiter has 67 known satellites. The four largest were the…?

A

Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Uranus has 27 known satellites where in the largest includes,…?

A

Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, and Miranda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

It is the most distant planet in the solar system. And is also slightly smaller than Uranus but it is more massive and denser.

A

Neptune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

It has 14 known satellites wherein the largest is…?

A

Triton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The theories that were accepted by most of the people were the ….?

A

Big Bang Theory and Creationism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The dense area of the nebula and the gaseous matter surrounding it ceased to rotate uniformly. Under the influence of turbulence and tidal action, the nebula broek intro whirlpools of gas within a rotating mass called ……?

A

Protoplanet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

There are differnt theories about the origin of the universe that was belived on their own timeline.

True or False

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the 3 Criteria of the IAU for a full-sized planet?

A
  • ** It is in orbit around the Sun
  • It has sufficient mass to assume hydrostratic equilibrium (a nearly round shape)
  • it has “cleared the neighborhood” around its orbit.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Big Bang Model was the theory by …? (Full Name)

A

Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaitre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

it is an infinitely dense point or also called..?

A

Singularity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

By the first seconds after the big bang, the universe is made up of fundamental particles and energy: what is it?

A

Quarks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The second largest natural satellite in the solar system is __________ located in the planet Saturn

A

Titan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

It describes how planets move as they orbit the sun

A

Revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Big bang theory is not an explosion but rather an _______ that created space

A

Expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Who propose the Geocentric Model?

A

**Claudius Ptolemy*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Mars

Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial

A

Terrestrial Planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Titania

Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial

A

Natural Satellite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Earth

Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial

A

Terrestrial Planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Saturn

Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial

A

Jovian Planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Pluto

Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial

A

Dwarf Planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Neptune

Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial

A

Jovian Planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Jupiter

Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial

A

Jovian Planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Rhea

Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial

A

Natural Satellite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Io

Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial

A

Natural Satellite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Phobos

Identify if it is a Natural Satellite, Dwarf, Jovian or Terrestrial

A

Natural Satellite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

It is characterized by its blue waters, rocky Brown and green land masses with white grounds set against the black background.

A

Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the compositional Layers of Earth?

A

— Crust
— Mantle
—Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

It is made up of erratic, complex and interactive systems that make it constantly changing planet.

A

Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the Mechanical Layers of Earth?

A

1. Lithosphere
2. Asthenosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Inner/Outer Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

It is made up of large rocks divided into two forms; oceanic and continental crust

A

Crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Crust’s depth is …?

A

50-70 km in depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

It is outermost layer of the earth

A

Crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

It is mostly solid rocks and minerals and marked by malleable semi-solid magma.

A

Mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Crust is divided into two forms, which are:

A

Oceanic and Continental Crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

It represents about 85% of the total weight and mass of the planet.

A

Mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

It is entirely made up of metal.

A

Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Core is divided into two cores:

A

Inner and Outer Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Other elements found in the Earth’s core are siderophiles. These are the elements that dissolv in iron and are classified as “?”

A

Precious Metals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

It is the largest and second to the last layer of our planet.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

The final layer of the Earth is _____ which is an exceedingly hot, dense huge of mostly iron 2500km wide.

A

Inner Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

This wave passes through the core and are detected on the far side of the Earth. Indirect signals received in this wave’s shadow zone suggest there is a solid inner core deflecting some waves.

A

Primary Waves/P waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the Earth’s four subsystems?

A

1. Lithosphere
2. Hydrosphere
3. Atmosphere
4. Biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

This wave do not travel through liquid. We know that the outer core is liquid because of the shadow it casts on this wave.

A

Secondary Wave/ S waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

It is the outermost layer of a terrestrial planet that consisting of the crust and the solid outermost layer of the Earth.

A

Lithosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

It is not merely the air we breathe but also a blanket of gas that surrounds our planet up to the edge of space.

A

Atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

It is the part of the Earth where life exist.

A

Biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

It is composed of all the waters on near the Earth surface. This includes like the oceans, rivers and lakes.

A

Hydrosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

The lithosphere is not a continuous layer. It is divided into a number of huge olates that move in relation to one another. (True or False)

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

It is believe that at the beginning of the Earth, the continents are all locked up into a huge landmass called ___________ as proposed by Alfred Wegener.

A

Pangaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Pangaea was divided into two continents. These two are called:

A

Laurasia and Gondwana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is the superocean?

A

Panthalassa Ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What are the seven continents in the world? (Largest to Smallest)

A

— Asia
— Africa
— North America
— South America
— Antarctica
— Europe
— Australia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

The Earth’s hydrosphere can be in a form of liquid, vapor and ice such as glaciers, ice caps and ice bergs. This frozen part is called ???

A

Cryosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Mostly ninety seven (97%) percent of the Earth’s water is in the form of oceans (salty) and the rest is freshwater (non-salty). Three-quarters of this fresh water is solid and exists in the ice sheets. (true or false)

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What are the Earth’s major oceans?

A

** 1. Pacific Ocean
2. Arctic Ocean
3. Indian Ocean
4. Atlantic Ocean
5. Southern Ocean**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Oceans may be divided into layers known as zones. The zones may be ____________ or ___________.

A

Horizontal and Vertical zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Horizontal consists of ________ and __________ zone.

A

Coastal and Pelagic Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

It begin at sea level and end at the deepest point in the ocean.

A

Vertical Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

It is the region in which sea bottom is exposed during low tide and is covered during high tide.

A

Coastal zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

It is located sea ward of the coastal zone’s low tide mark. This is always covered with water.

A

Pelagic Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

There are two divisions in Pelagic zone:

A

Neritic zone and Oceanic zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

It lies above the continental shelf.

A

Neritic zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

It begins at sea level and end at the deepest point in the ocean.

A

Vertical Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What are the five zones under vertical zone?

A

**1. Epipelagic zone or the sunlight zone
2. Mesopelagic or the twilight zone
3. Bathypelagic zone or the midnight zone
4. Abyssopelagic or the abyss
5. Hadalpelagic zone or the trenches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

It is the zone that gets a lot of sunlight resulting to an abundance of aquatic plants.

A

Epipelagic zone or the Sunlight zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

It is characterized by dim light due to the limited amount of sunlight it receives.

A

Mesopelagic zone or the twilight zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

This zone does not receive any sunlight. Animals that live here lack eyes.

A

Bathypelagic zone or the Midnight Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

It is described as deep sea. Most animals living in this area are invertebrate like blind sheimps, small squids, and hagfish.

A

Abyssopelagic zone or the abyss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

*

It is the deepest part of the ocean. This zone is mostly found in deep water trenches and canyons.

A

Hadalpelagic zone or the trenches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

It is the thin layer of gas envelops our planet is necessary to sustain life because contains gases essentiak humans and animals to breath.

A

Atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What are the 5 layers of Atmosphere?

A

1. Troposhere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

it is the lowest layer that contains 80% of the total mass of the atmosphere.

A

Troposhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

This layer in atmosphere extends up to 50km high. It is the region where we can find the ozone layer which absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation.

A

Stratosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

This region is where meteors usually burns up as they approach our planet.

A

Mesosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

It is where aurora and satellites occur. It is also the hottest region

A

Thermosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

It is the upper limit of our atmosphere.

A

Exosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

It contains all the Earth’s living things.

A

Biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

The biosphere is divided into _______. They are the world’s major communities. They are classified according to the predominant vegetation characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular climate.

A

Biomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

It includes freshwater (ponds, lakes, rivers, etc). It houses numerous species if plants and animals.

A

Aquatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

It is sometimes referred to as the “zone of life”

A

Biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

It includes tropical, temperate, and taiga. Each type of forest has distinctive features dominated by grasses large shrubs and trees.

A

Forests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

It includes tropical, temperate, and taiga. Each type of forest has distinctive features dominated by grasses large shrubs and trees.

A

Forests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Tropical Rainforests are known for dense canopies of vegetation that form 4 different layers, and these are:

A

Emergent Layer
Canopy Layer
Middle Layer (Understory)
Bottom Layer (Forest Floor)

110
Q

These are found closer to the equator where it is warm. It is hot, moist biome where it all rains all year long.

A

Tropical Rainforests**

111
Q

Snakes, red-eyed tree frogs, and other animals live in this part, of lower branches.

A

Understory

112
Q

Birds, bats, and butterflies live in the tops of the tallest trees which is called the what layer?

A

Emergent Layer

113
Q

In the tops of the shorter trees, you can find animals such as toucans and monkeys.

A

Canopy

114
Q
A
115
Q

Animals such as jaguars can be found on the dark ______ ________?

A

Forest Floor

116
Q

It is a biome that is always changing. It has four distinct seasons: winter, spring, summer and fall.

A

Temperate Deciduous Forest

117
Q

This forest is also known as boreal forest.

A

Taiga Forest

118
Q

It is characterized by low rainfall.

A

Desert

119
Q

It is the coldest of all the biomes, it has low biotic diversity and simple vegetarian structure.

A

Tundra

120
Q

It is not a continuous layer. It is divided into a number of huge plates that move in relation to one another.

A

The Lithosphere

121
Q

It is characterized by its blue waters,rocky brown and green land masses with white grounds set against the black background.

A

Earth

122
Q

It is an aggregrate of one or more minerals

A

Rock

123
Q

Rocks can be minerals but not all minerals are rocks

A

True

124
Q

What are the three optical properties of Minerals?

A

1. Luster
2. Color
3. Streak

125
Q

What are the two properties of minerals regarding mineral strength

A

1. Tenacity
2. Hardness

126
Q

It is the quality of light that being reflected by the surface of a mineral

A

Luster

127
Q

It looks like a shiny metal such as chrome, steel, silver, or gold

A

Metallic Luster

128
Q

These minerals may be shiny and reflect light, however, they do not look like a metal.

A

Non-metallic Luster

129
Q

It is when the light that strikes the object does not pass through the mineral

A

opaque

130
Q

When light strikes a ________ mineral, some of the light passes through it.

A

translucent

131
Q

Color is one of the properties of a mineral and considered as a reliable property when identifying minerals (true or false)

A

false

132
Q

What type of rocks are formed by cooling of molten materials above the Earth’s surface?

A

Volcanic Rocks

133
Q

Which of the following is not a physical property of a mineral?

a. Luster
b. Tenacity
c. Specific Gravity
d. Flammability

A

D. Flammability

134
Q

Which of the following is not a criterion of minerals?

a. Minerals should be organic
b. Minerals should be naturally occuring
c. Minerals should be solid
d. Minerals should have orderly structure

A

a. Minerals should be organic

135
Q

Which of the following statement is correct?

a. Metamorphic rocks solidify to form igneous rocks.
b. Magma that crystallizes and solidifies at the surface of the earth(lava) is called volcanic rock or extrusive igneous rock
c. Uplifting is the process of forming magma from metamorphic rocks.
d. Compacting and sedimentation changes igneous to metamorphic rocks.

A

b. Magma that crystallizes and solidifies at the surface of the earth(lava) is called volcanic rock or extrusive igneous rock.

136
Q

Which of the following conditions rock melts and forms into magma?

a. The addition of fluids, such as water, may increase the melting point of some minerals in the rock and cause the rock to melt.
b. If the temperature of the rock rises above the melting point of the minerals the rock composed, of the rock will melt.
c. If enough pressure is added in the rock, the melting point will decrease and the rock will melt.
d. If the rock experienced too much stress, deformation of the rocks occurs and when deformation happens, magma will form.

A

b. If the temperature of the rock rises above the melting point of the minerals the rock composed, of the rock will melt.

137
Q

Based on the Mohs scale, which of the following is the 3rd hardest mineral and usually use in gemstones?

a. Corundum
b. Topaz
c. Quartz
d. Calcite

A

b. Topaz

138
Q

_____ is exhibited when a mineral breaks and smooth flat surfaces are formed from breakage

A

Cleavage

139
Q

chemical sedimentary rocks contain fossils of plants and animals (true or false)

A

false

140
Q

It is formed by accumulation, compaction and cementation of different particles because of physical and chemical weathering

A

Detrital sedimentary rocks

141
Q

When the light strikes a ______ mineral, almost all the lights will completely pass through

A

Transparent

142
Q

It is the property of a mineral that is easiest to identify

A

Color

143
Q

It is the color of the mineral in powdered form. / can be obtained by rubbing the mineral across/ this property is often used in identifying the mineral since it is very consistent unlike color

A

Streak

144
Q

It determines how easy mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress

A

Mineral strength

145
Q

The terms used to describe mineral strength are tenacity, hardness, cleavage, and fracture

A
  • tenacity
  • hardness
  • cleavage
  • fracture
146
Q

Refers to the mineral’s resistance to breaking or deforming. This mineral can be either brittle, malleable or elastic

A

Tenacity

147
Q

It is the measure of a mineral’s resistance to abrasion or scratching.

A

Hardness

148
Q

To determine the hardness of a mineral, a comparative hardness scale assigning numerical values to hardness of a mineral was ???

A

Friedrich Mohs

149
Q

It is exhibited when a mineral breaks and smooth flat surfaces are form breakage

A

Cleavage

150
Q

A measurement done by mineralogist to describe the density of the mineral. It also represents the ratio of the mass of the mineral to the mass of equal volume of water

A

Specific Gravity

151
Q

Any solid that is naturally found on earth.

A

Rock

152
Q

The magma cools and solidifies through the process of crystallization which may occur either beneath the surface of the earth or at the surface through volcanic eruption. The resulting rock is called ??

A

Igneous rocks

153
Q

It may consist of minerals, other pre existing rocks or organic debris

A

Rock

154
Q

The igneous rock undergo weathering (true or false)

A

True

155
Q

The eroded materials are deposited as ??

A

Sediments

156
Q

The sediments undergo lithification (conversion to rock) to become ???? When compacted and cemented

A

Sedimentary rocks

157
Q

It is formed by crystallization and solidification of molten rock and made up of 80% of the mass of the earths crust (e.g. obsidian)

A

Igneous rock

158
Q

These are formed from magma erupted from a volcano and is the most common rock types on earths surface particularly in the ocean (e.g. pumice)

A

Volcanic rocks

159
Q

They are crystallized slowly cooling magma below the surface of the earth. (e.g. granite)

A

Plutonic rocks

160
Q

70% of the rocks on the earth are sedimentary in origin (true or false)

A

True

161
Q

Are metamorphic rocks without layering, banding or alignment. Marble and quartzite

A

Non-foliated textures

162
Q

Are brought about by pressure. Pressure causes mineral grains to realign and certain minerals to recrystallized. (e.g. slate, schist and gneiss)

A

Foliated textures

163
Q

Started out as some other types of rocks, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form

A

Metamorphic rocks

164
Q

They are formed from consolidation of material (sediments) from pre-existing rocks, from precipitation or from life processes (e.g. sandstone)

A

Sedimentary rocks

165
Q

Those that are formed by accumulation, compaction and cementation lf different particles that came from mechanical or chemical weathering

A

Detrial sedimentary rocks

166
Q

Forms when dissolved materials precipitate

A

Chemical sedimentary rocks

167
Q

They are formed by accumulated sedimentary debris caused by organic processes. (E.g bituminous coal)

A

Organic sedimentary

168
Q

The outer layer of rocks subsequently peel off from its main mass due to excessive expansion and contraction.

A

Thermal and Pressure Change

169
Q

Which of the following rocks in cave hangs on the ceiling?

a. Stalactites
b. Stalagmites
c. Limestone
d. Granite

A

a. Stalactites

170
Q

Which of the following is not an agent of weathering?

a. Sand and Gravel
b. Hydration
c. Frost Action
d. Animals

A

a. Sand and Gravel

171
Q

Which of the following is not an example of Exogenic Process?

a. Weathering
b. Metamorphism
c. Erosion
d. Mass Wasting

A

b. Metamorphism

172
Q

Which of the following is best describes weathering?

a. A mechanical and chemical hammer that sculpts and breaks down rocks
b. A process of forming and aligning rocks
c. A mechanical and chemical process of transferring sediments and rocks
d. A formation and solidification of magma to generate rocks

A

a. A mechanical and chemical hammer that sculpts and breaks down rocks

173
Q

Which of the following types of chemical weathering causes by too much amount of acidic rain fall that result for the rock to weather?

a. Hydration
b. Carbonation
c. Oxidation
d. Hydrolysis

A

b. Carbonation

174
Q

Which of the following is the abrupt movement of and free fall of loosened solid rock?

a. Rock Falls
b. Avalanche
c. Landslide
d. Slump

A

a. Rock Falls

175
Q

Which of the following best describes Mudslides?

a. A rapidly moving earth flow containing higher water content
b. A fast moving earthflow in a mountainous region
c. A sinking mass movement that occurs relatively rapid fashion
d. A sinking mass wasting in gradual movement

A

a. A rapidly moving earth flow containing higher water content

176
Q

Which of the following involves the movement of weathered rocks from their site of weathering by different agents?

a. Mass movement
b. Weathering
c. Faulting
d. Erosion

A

d. Erosion

177
Q

Which of the following happens whenever rocks are broken up without any changes in their chemical composition?

a. Physical Weathering
b. Chemical Weathering
c. Biological Weathering
d. All of the above

A

a. Physical Weathering

178
Q

The physical breakdown and/or chemical alteration of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface is referred to as ?

A

weathering

179
Q

It is the mechanical and chemical hammer that breaks down and sculpts the rock

A

weathering

180
Q

What are the two kinds of weathering?

A

Physical and Chemical

181
Q

These are external processes that occur at/or near the surface of Earth. These are part of the rock cycle and responsible for transforming rock into sediment

A

Exogenic Process

182
Q

It is the decomposition of rocks due to chemical reactions occurring between the minerals in rocks and the environment.

A

Chemical Weathering

183
Q

Chemical weathering transforms rocks and minerals exposed to water and agses in the tmosphere into new chemical compound thus, forming different rocks and minerals (true or false)

A

true

184
Q

What are the processes that can cause physical weathering?

A

1. Thermal and Pressure Change
2. Wind and Waves
3. Freeze Thaws
4. Organic Acitivity

185
Q

It refers to the breakdown of rocks wthout a change in its composition.

A

Mechanical/Physical weathering

186
Q

When a rock gets hot, it expands, while at ngiht , the rock gets cold causing contraction.

A

true

187
Q

This would mean that the rock is fractured, cracked or fragmented into smaller pieces

A

Breakdown

188
Q

It is when rocks crumble and break into fragments because they are subjected to alaternating hot and cold temeprature many times

A

Thermal and Pressure Change

189
Q

Repeated swings in temperature weaken the rock and in the process, mineral grains loosened fromt he rocks and eventually the rocks break down into pieces

A

true

190
Q

It can all cause physical weathering. Tiny grains of sand are picked up and carried off by the wind, which are then blasted on the surface of rocks, smoothening them. This could wear away the rocks and weather it

A

Wind and Waves

191
Q

This happens particularly in cold climate. The freeezing creates cracks.

A

Freeze and Thaw

192
Q

On the seashore, the action of wave chips away and cracks the rocks. (true or false)

A

true

193
Q

Animals and plants also take a heavy toll on rocks and causes them to wear away. It could be an animal like rabbit that burrows into a crack in the rocks as it constantly burrows and makes the cracks bigger, it ends up ripping the rocks apart.

A

Organic Activity

194
Q

What are the process that can cause chemical weathering?

A

1. Hydration
2. Carbonation
3. Oxidation

195
Q

It is another kind of chemical weathering process that occurs when oxygen, considered as an active gas, combines with another substances like minerals in rocks, yielding compound called oxides.

A

Oxidation

196
Q

Water is nature’s versatile tool that can bring about chemical weathering. Molecules of some substance in rocks chemically combine with water molecules. This process is called ?

A

Hydration

197
Q

It is when carbon dioxied may bond with other substances in a process known as ?

A

carbonation

198
Q

involves the movement of the weathered rock from their site of weathering by agents of erosion such as wind, moving water, ice and gravity.

A

Erosion

199
Q

Water can carry almost any size of any rocks. The greater the volume of water and the steeper the slope, the bigger and more rocks can be transported.

A

Transport by Water

200
Q

Transport makes erosion complete because it involves the mvoement of the eroded materials and sediments (true or false)

A

true

201
Q

Weathering does nto always occur before erosion. Erosion always follow after the weathering.

A

true

202
Q
A
203
Q

Wind contionously blows away loose paricles of rocks and soil from place to place. This is common in dry areas such as deserts.

A

Transport by Wind

204
Q

These are by the internal heat of the earth, which in turn results from the radioactive decay of elements deep beneath surface.

A

Endogenic (internal origin)

205
Q

Formed, located or occurring beneath the surface of the earth

A

Endogenic

206
Q

It is a mixture of molten rock, minerals and gases.

A

Magma

207
Q

Crust together with a hard upper part of the mantle (plates, crust under continents, crust under ocean)

A

Lithosphere

208
Q

So much pressure and heat the rocks can flow like a liquid. It allows lithosphere to “float” on top of it

A

Asthenosphere (Below Lithospshere)

209
Q

This mixture is usually made up of a hot liquid base called the ______ , minerals crystallizes by the melt, solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines and dissolved gas

A

Melt

210
Q

At about 30-65km below the earth surface,the temperature is high enough to melt rocks into magma is how magmas formed.

A

true

211
Q

What’s at the bottom of the deepest hole on earth?

A

The Kola Superdeep Borehole

212
Q

Originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle known as asthenosphere

A

Magma

213
Q

if opposite direction, convection currents drive plates apart (true or false)

A

true

214
Q

It is the resistance to flow (an anatomy for fluidity)

A

Viscosity

215
Q

Magma with the higher silica content has higher viscosity (true or false)

A

true

216
Q

Magma with low temperature has higher viscosity than those with high temperature. (true or false)

A

true

217
Q
A
218
Q

Viscosity increases with increasing silica concentration in the magma (true or false)

A

True

219
Q

Low silica content = Dark colored = ???

A

Mafic

220
Q

High silica content = light colored = ???

A

Felsic

221
Q

Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature of the magma (true or false)

A

true

222
Q

Types of magma

A
  • felsic magma
  • intermediate
  • mafic
  • ultramafic
223
Q

have the higher silica content than mafic magma which results in a higher gas content and higher viscosity

A

Intermediate Magma

224
Q

The more gaseous and sticky lava tends to explode violently and cools as andesite rock (true or false)

A

true

225
Q

The hottest and fastest flowing magma.

A

Ultramafic magma

226
Q

Has the highest silica of all. It also has the lowest average temperature.

A

Felsic Magma

227
Q

Has relatively low silica content but high in iron and magnesium. Has high average temperature which contributes too its low viscosity

A

Mafic magma

228
Q

It is defined as the force that could create deformation on rocks in their shape and volume

A

Stress

229
Q

Rock beneath the Earth’s surface experiences equal pressure exerted on it from all directions because the weight of overlying rocks. It is like the hydrostatic stress (water pressure) that a person feels pressing all over his body when diving down deep in the water

A

Lithostatic stress

230
Q

In many cases, rock may experience an additional unequal stress due to tectonic forces.

A

Differential Stress

231
Q

Three basic kinds of differential stress

A

Tension stress (stretching)
Compressional Stress (Squeezing)
Shear stress

232
Q

When two plates are pushing towards each other — squeezes rock causing it to fold or break (Ocean Trenches & Mountain Ridges)

A

Compression stress

233
Q

when two plates moves away from each other — pulls and stretches rocks (Continental Rifts & Mid-Ocean Ridges)

A

Tension

234
Q

the rock is being pulled in opposite directions. It is similar to the motion between individual playing cards when the top of the stack is moved relative to the bottom

A

Shear Stress

235
Q

It changes in shape by a very small amount in response to the stress. The deformation is not permanent, it is reversible. The rock return to its original shape

A

Elastic deformation

236
Q

It is an irreversible strain wherein the rock breaks

A

Fracture

237
Q

These are extremely long and deep break or in a rock. It is a result

A

Faults

238
Q

If a a differential stress is applied that is greater than the rock’s yield strength, rock fracture

A

Brittle deformation or fracture

239
Q

Occurs when brittle rocks are stretched-tectonic-tensional forces are involved and the movement of blocks of rock is mainly in the vertical direction (sinking and rising) The block is lying on the top of the fault surface is referred to as the hanging wall while one below is referred as the footwall

A

Dip — Slip (Normal Fault)

240
Q

Hanging wall moves Hanging wall moves down relative to the footwalldown relative to the footwall

A

Normal fault

241
Q

Hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall

A

Thrust fault

242
Q

Occurs when brittle rocks are sheared (the opposing tectonic forces are at right angles to compression and tension directions) and the , movement of blocks of rock is chiefly in the horizon direction

A

Strike-slip fault

243
Q

When rocks are deform in ductile in manner, instead if fracturing to form faults or joints, they may bend or fold and the resulting structure are called

A

Folds

244
Q

These are the simplest types of folds. It occurs when the horizontal layers are bent upwards so that the two limbs of the fold are horizontal

A

Monoclines

245
Q

Is the downward arc or curve of a fold.

A

Syncline

246
Q

A bend in a rock layer caused by forces withing the crust of the earth

A

Fold

247
Q

These are the folded rock formations that have an upwards convex shape

A

Anticlines

248
Q

Endogenic process play an important role in the formation of variety of landscapes due to the movement of tectonic plates (true or false)

A

True

249
Q

Rocks buried deep within the Earth’s crust behave differently when subjected to differential stress. It is impossible to produce fracture un the rocks the way it is at the Earth’s surface. Rocks become thicker under compressional stress and thinner under tensional stress

A

Ductile deformation

250
Q

It is a branch of science that deals with the study of life

A

Biology

251
Q

It is the condition that distinguishes animals, plants, and microorganisms from inorganic matter

A

Life

252
Q

Biology helps to know about the diversity in the living world, the ways by whcih it can be conserved, more about ourselves

(true or false)

A

true

253
Q

What are the three primary branches of biology?

A

1. Botany (study of plants)
2. Zoology (study of animals)
3. Microbiology (study of microorganisms)

254
Q

It is the study of various aspects of living organisms and their interactions with the non-living components

A

Biology

255
Q

What are the five modern branches of biology?

A

1. Bioinformatics
2. Molecular Biology
3. Pharmacogenomics
4. Genomics
5. Proteomics

256
Q

Studying biology helps to udnrstand how our body is made, how it functions and how it could be maintained in a healthy manner

(true or false)

A

true

256
Q

studying biology doesn’t help to undertsnad the resources we use and potential threats to those resources

(true or false)

A

false

257
Q

Studying biology helps to understand how life originated on earth and how it has evolved over time

(true or false)

A

true

258
Q

studying biology helps to imrpove our health

(true or false)

A

true

259
Q

studying biology helps to understand our environment we live, threats to our environment and how we could conserve our environment

(true or false)

A

true

260
Q

Studying biology helps to increase food production
*
true or false*

A

true

261
Q

Every aspect of life from the smallest submicroscopic living particle to the largest most imposing plant and animal species is included

true or false

A

true

262
Q

studying biology doesn’t help to understand how the characters pass from generation to generation

true or false

A

true

263
Q

Life on earth began more than 3.8 billion years, evolving from the most basic of microbes into a dazzling array of complexity overtime

true or false

A

true

264
Q

All living things are made up of cells

true or false

A

true

265
Q

Other organisms are multi cellular and are composed of many cells which perform specialized and specific function

true or false

A

true

266
Q

It is the idea that life could appear from non-living material

A

Spontaneous Generation

267
Q

Some organisms are unicellular and consist of only a single cell that carries out all life processes

true or false

A

true

268
Q

He is the first person to propose the idea of spontaneous generation in 4th century and helt its position as the belief on the origin of life until the 17th century

A

Aristotle

269
Q

Spontaneous Generation is also known as ???

A

abiogenesis

270
Q

Early Beliefs about he Origin of Life:
- frogs developed from falling drops of rain

true or false

A

true

271
Q

It is the belief that life originates from pre-existing life.

A

Biogenesis

272
Q

In 1668, an Italian physician, did an experiment to see if the maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs

A

Francisco Redi

273
Q

He concluded that life arose from living matter such as maggots from eggs, not from spontaneous generation in the meat.

A

Francisco Redi

274
Q

In 1745-1748 , a scottish clergyman and naturalist showed that microorganisms flourished in various soups that had been exposed to the air

A

John Needham

275
Q

He concluded that life in the broth caused spontaneous generation to occur. In reality, he did not ehat it long enough to kill all th emicrobes from the broth

A

John Needham

276
Q

In 1765-1767, an Italian abbot and biologist tried several variations on Needham’s soup experiments.

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

277
Q
A

Science (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions