Lecture 1 - Rule-based Expert Systems Flashcards
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In the ?, it was finally accepted that to make a machine solve an intellectual problem one had to know the solution.
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Introduction, or what is knowledge?
1970s
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In other words, one has to have knowledge, ‘?’, in some specific domain.
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Introduction, or what is knowledge?
know-how
Identify
? is a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject or a domain.
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Introduction, or what is knowledge?
Knowledge
Identify
? is also the sum of what is currently known, and apparently ? is power.
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Introduction, or what is knowledge?
Knowledge
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Anyone can be considered a ? if he or she has deep knowledge (of both facts and rules) and strong practical experience in a particular domain.
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Who is generally acknowledged as an expert?
domain expert
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The ? of the domain may be limited.
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Who is generally acknowledged as an expert?
area
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The ? is internal, and it is too complex to be represented as an algorithm.
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Who is generally acknowledged as an expert?
human mental process
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However, most experts are capable of expressing their knowledge in the form of rules for ?.
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Who is generally acknowledged as an expert?
problem solving
Enumerate
(2) Any rule consists of two parts: ? ??
1 word each
Rules as a knowledge representation technique
- If called Antecedent
- Then called Consequent
Identify
Antecedent AKA ? or ??
1 word each
Rules as a knowledge representation technique
Premise or Condition
Identify
Consequent AKA ? or ??
1 word each
Rules as a knowledge representation technique
Conclusion or Action
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In general, a rule can have multiple antecedents joined by the keywords ?, ?? or ???.
Rules as a knowledge representation technique
- AND (conjunction)
- OR (disjunction)
- a combination of both
True or False (Modified)
However, it is a good habit to avoid mixing antecedents and disjunctions in the same rule.
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Rules as a knowledge representation technique
- False
- conjunctions
True or False (Modified)
The consequent of a rule can also have multiple causes:
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Rules as a knowledge representation technique
- False
- clauses
Enumerate
(5) Rules representations techniques?
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Rules as a knowledge representation technique
- Relation
- Recommendation
- Strategy
- Directive
- Heuristic
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As soon as knowledge is provided by a ?, we can input it into a computer.
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The main players in the expert system development team
human expert
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We expect the computer to act as an ? in some specific domain of expertise or to solve a problem that would otherwise have to be solved by an expert.
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The main players in the expert system development team
intelligent assistant
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We also would like the computer to be able to integrate new knowledge and to show its knowledge in a form that is easy to read and understand, and to deal with simple sentences in a ? rather than an artificial programming language.
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The main players in the expert system development team
natural language
Identify
? - Provides specialized knowledge and expertise in the specific area the expert system is designed for.
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The main players in the expert system development team
Domain Expert
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The responsibilities of a ? is to supplies the facts, rules, and heuristics that form the knowledge base of the system and works closely with the knowledge engineer to transfer expertise in a structured format.
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The main players in the expert system development team
domain expert
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? - The ? is someone who is capable of designing, building and testing an expert system.
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The main players in the expert system development team
Knowledge Engineer
Identify
? This person is responsible for selecting an appropriate task for the expert system.
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The main players in the expert system development team
Knowledge Engineer
Identify
? He or she interviews the domain expert to find out how a particular problem is solved.
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The main players in the expert system development team
Knowledge Engineer
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? - The ? is the person responsible for the actual programming, describing the domain knowledge in terms that a computer can understand.
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The main players in the expert system development team
Programmer
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The ? needs to have skills in symbolic programming.
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The main players in the expert system development team
Programmer
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? - The ? is the leader of the expert system development team, responsible for keeping the project on track.
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The main players in the expert system development team
Project manager
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? He or she makes sure that all deliverables and milestones are met, interacts with the expert, knowledge engineer, programmer and end-user.
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The main players in the expert system development team
Project manager
Identify
The ? contains the domain knowledge useful for problem solving.
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Structure of a rule-based expert system
knowledge base
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In a rule-based expert system, the knowledge is represented as a set of ?.
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Structure of a rule-based expert system - Knowledge base
rules
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Each rule specifies a relation, recommendation, directive, strategy or heuristic and has the ? structure.
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Structure of a rule-based expert system - Knowledge base
IF (condition) THEN (action)
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When the condition part of a rule is satisfied, the rule is said to fire and the action part is ?.
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Structure of a rule-based expert system - Knowledge base
executed
Identify
The ? includes a set of facts used to match against the IF (condition) parts of rules stored in the knowledge base.
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Structure of a rule-based expert system
database
Identify
The ? carries out the reasoning whereby the expert system reaches a solution.
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Structure of a rule-based expert system
inference engine
Identify
? It links the rules given in the knowledge base with the facts provided in the database.
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Structure of a rule-based expert system
inference engine
Identify
The ? enable the user to ask the expert system how a particular conclusion is reached and why a specific fact is needed.
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Structure of a rule-based expert system
explanation facilities
Identify
An ? must be able to explain its reasoning and justify its advice, analysis or conclusion.
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Structure of a rule-based expert system - Explanation facilities
expert system
Identify
The ? is the means of communication between a user seeking a solution to the problem and an expert system. The communication should be as meaningful and friendly as possible.
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Structure of a rule-based expert system - Explanation facilities
user interface
Identify
? A method of reasoning that starts with the facts and works its way forward to deduce new facts or reach a conclusion.
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Forward chaining
Identify
? A method of reasoning that starts with a goal and works backwards to see if there are facts and rules that support this goal.
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Backward chaining
Identify
?: It moves forward based on the available information. Best for situations where all facts are available and need to infer new facts.
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Data-driven
Identify
?: Works backward from what you want to prove. Best for situations where you have a specific conclusion to prove and need to check if it’s valid.
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Goal-driven
