Lecture 1: Renal Anatomy and Histology Flashcards
What is a bifed ureter?
A ureter that comes out as two and then fuses together eventually.
Label A-D
A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
B) Distal Convoluted Tubule
C) Mitochondria
D) Brush Border
_________nerve fibers from the _______ plexus stimulate the secretion of _________
Sympathetic nerve fibers from the renal plexus stimulate the secretion of renin
Functions of Interstitial Cells
- Maintenance of Renal Architecture
- Produces Erythropoietin (EPO)
Label the top and bottom arrow
Top arrow: Mesangial Cell
Bottom arrow: Mesangial Matrix
What is this structure?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Components of capsule of bowman?
- Double layered
- Parietal and visceral components
- Podocytes
Label from top arrow to bottom
Top: Mesangium
Podocyte
Glomerular capillary
Bottom: Parietal Layer
What 2 cells make up the collecting tubule; distinguishing features?
1) Principle Cells - Stain light - Mechanosensor
2) Intercalated Cell - Stain Dark - Lots of Mitochondria
Label A-D
Parasympathetic control of kidneys (functions)?
- Vasodilation
- Inhibits Urinary Sphincter
What structures are found in the renal medulla?
Medullary pyramids, Renal Papilla, and Renal Columns
Sympathetic control of kidney (functions)?
- Vasoconstriction
- Slow urine formation
- Contract urinary sphincter
If we are in a capillary to get to the urinary space, what’s the path?
Go between fenestrations of the capillary (endothelium), past the basement membrane, through the filtration slits between the pedicles of the podocytes
endothelium –> basement membrane –> between pedicles of the podocytes
Differentitate histologically the difference between the thick and thin segments of the loop of henle
Thick - Low simple cuboidal epithelium
Thin - Simple squamous epithelium (1 layer thick)
What are the 3 uteric constriction points?
1) Junction of Ureter and Renal Pelvis
2) Pelvic Brim
3) Urinary Bladder
*Places where kidney stones are most likely to get stuck
What are the 3 blood supply branches coming off the abdominal aorta; which ones are the Renal As.?
1) Unpaired Visceral Branches
2) Paired Lateral Visceral Branches (Renal As.)
3) Paired Segmental Parietal Branches
Label A and B
A) Capillary Loops
B) Bowman Capsule
What is the single biggest difference in the proximal vs the distal convoluted tubule?
Proximal has microvili on the surface, “brush border”
*More basal mitochondria in proximal
What do we call the fat that goes inside the kidney?
Perirenal fat
Which kidney is more superior?
Left is more superior, right sits more inferior due to liver.
What structures are found in the renal sinus?
Minor Calix, Major Calix, and Renal Pelvis
What do we call the fat that surrounds the kidney?
Pararenal fat
What’s special about the juxtaglomerular cells; predominate in what arteriole; where are they found?
- Modified smooth muscle cell of the afferent arteriole
- Produce renin
- Found in the glomerulus
How do renal transplants work?
1) Take kidney out of donor. -
2) Make an incision on the patient at the lateral suprapubic region, and place new kidney in the pelvis.
3) Reattach
4) Leave old kidneys there.
Where are the kidneys located? Use the word “peritoneal” in your answer.
Retroperitoneal. Behind the intestines and sitting way back with peritoneum only on their anterior surface
Label the top, middle, and bottom bunch
Top: Thick limbs of loop of Henle
Middle: Thin limbs of loop of Henle
Bottom: Vasa recta (RBC’s inside)
Label the top arrow and bottm arrow
Top: Intercalated cell (dark stain)
Bottom: Principle cell (light stain)
What’s found in the glomerulus?
- Glomerular Capillaries
- Mesangium
Simplest level of the kidney and its components (2 parts)?
Uniferous Tubule
1) Nephron
2) Collecting (Duct) Tubule
What is a duplicate ureter?
You have 2 ureters
Label the arrow; what’s the distinguishing feature?
Glomerular capillaries
*Have RBC’s and fenestrated epithelial cells
What is found in the urinary space?
Contains the primary filtrate
Function of Mesangial Cells?
- Specialized pericytes
- Characteristics of smooth muscle and macrophages
- Contractile (regulate blood flow)
- Capable of proliferation
- Synthesize bone matrix and collagen
- Provide mechanical support to glomerular capillaries
- Secrete prostaglandins and endothelins
Label the top, middle, and bottom arrow
Top: Parietal layer
Middle: Urinary Space
Bottom: Visceral Layer
What is nephroptosis?
A condition where the kidney is not well supported, causing the kidney to drop into the pelvis whenever the person stands up. More common in women.
What is a perinephric abscess?
Blood or pus pooling in the perirenal space
Proximal to distal, what are the structures that make up a normal nephron?
-Renal corpuscle which includes the Glomerulus and capsule of bowman
- Renal tubule consisting of..
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Thick descending limb
- Loop of Henle
- Thick ascending limb
- Distal convoluted tubule
What is the path of sympathetic innervation of the kidney?
1) Least splanchnic nerve
2) Goes down into abdomen and synapses at the AORTICORENAL ganglion.
3) Renal plexus.
4) Kidney
What is renal cyst?
Space in the kidney becomes too prominent and fills up with urine, and/or pus.
What kind of junctions found in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Apical Tight Junctions
3 components of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
1) Macula Densa
2) Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells
3) Juxtaglomerular cells
- modified smooth muscle cell of the afferent arteriole
- produce renin
What is found inside the Renal Hilum?
- Renal vein
- Renal artery
- Renal Pelvis
Discuss how blood supply moves from a segmental artery into the glomerulus
InterLOBAR arteries branch into –> Arcuate arteries branch into –> InterLOBULAR arteries which send –> Afferent arterioles into the Glomerulus which converge to form –> EFFERENT arterioles distal to the Glomerulus
The Peritubular capillary netwrok is associated with what part of the kidney?
The Cortex
The Peritubular Capillary Network drains into?
InterLOBULAR veins –> Arcuate veins –> InterLOBAR veins
The Vasa Recta drain the Efferent arterioles near?
The cortico-medullary junction
The Vasa Recta descends into the ______ and forms an ascending _______?
Descends into the medulla and forms ascending venous capillaries with fenestrated endothelial cells
What are Medullary Rays?
A group of straight tubules consisting of the ascending/descending limbs of nephrons as well as a collecting tubule/duct.
What is the structure shown in A?
Medullary Ray
Ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium and what other important structure?
Transitional epithelium (Urothelium) and plaques
What is the function of the apical plaques on the Ureter?
Generate a thickened domain able to adjust to large changes in surface area; form a water barrier keeping urine in.
Describe what’s shown in this picture
This a Ureter covered with Apical Plaques and lined with Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium)
Podocytes are part of which layer of the glomerulus and what do they end as?
Part of the visceral layer and end as pedicles.
Which part of the loop of henle is impermeable to water?
Ascending limb
Principle and intercalated cells are a component of which part of kidney?
Collecting tubule
Label the arrows from left to right
Left: Glomerulus inside renal corpuscle
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Principle Cell
Intercalated Cell
Distal Convoluted Tubule
