Lecture 1 Pt 2 Exam 1 Material Flashcards
1
Q
Lower airway is made up of:
A
Ciliated columnar epithelium
Goblet cells
2
Q
Ciliated columnar epithelium is ____. Does oxygen/CO2 diffuse easily?
A
Thick, no
3
Q
What do cilia do?
A
Move air along
4
Q
What do goblet cells do?
A
Create mucus
5
Q
What is another name for goblet cells?
A
Mucus cells
6
Q
Function of cells differ in smokers because–
A
Smoking leads to less effective cilia and the overproduction of mucus from excessive goblet cells
7
Q
The word cartilage is interchangeable with ___
A
Hyaline
8
Q
Lower airway anatomy includes ___ rings
A
Cartilage/hyaline
9
Q
Trachea rings are _____ shaped and ____ to esophagus
A
Trachea rings are C-shaped
Trachea rings are anterior to esophagus
10
Q
Esophagus is ___ to trachea
A
Posterior
11
Q
Trachea starts at cervical vertebra ___
A
C6
12
Q
The carina starts at ____ vertebra
A
THORACIC T4-T5
13
Q
In clinic, we measure from lip to ___
A
Carina
14
Q
Lip to carina in females:
A
24cm
15
Q
Lip to carina in males:
A
28cm
16
Q
Is the trachea longer/shorter than 24-28cm? Why?
A
Shorter, the range we go by starts at lips d/t the endotracheal tube
17
Q
The trachea begins at the ___ and ends at the ___
A
The trachea begins at the cricoid and ends at carina
18
Q
The trachea ends at the ___ and begins at the ___
A
The trachea ends at the carina and begins at the cricoid
19
Q
The trachea is mobile because it is ___
A
Not anchored and can move at both ends
20
Q
How many times do the bronchi divide?
A
23
21
Q
How many generations are termed as the conducting zone?
A
The first 16 generations
22
Q
Can gas exchange occur in the conducting zone?
A
No
23
Q
Where does the conducting zone begin?
A
Begins at the mouth
24
Q
Where does the conducting zone end?
A
Terminal bronchiole (think: conduction terminate)
25
What begins after the 16th generation?
Respiratory zone
26
The bronchial tree is made up of: 7
1. Carina
2. Primary bronchi
3. Lobar bronchi
4. Segmental bronchi
5. Bronchioles
6. Terminal bronchioles
7. Respiratory bronchioles
Acronym:
Carol picnicked lovely snacks beneath the redoak
27
Cartilage allows ____ to move
Air
28
Bronchioles have less/more cartilage and more/less muscle
Bronchioles have less cartilage and more muscle
29
Respiratory bronchioles are the first in ____
Gas exchange
30
What is the last in conduction again?
Terminal bronchioles
31
Air flow is altered in bronchioles with changes in ____
Muscle tone
32
What zone begins when alveoli start to appear in the walls of bronchioles?
Respiratory zone
33
As you move down generations, ___ become progressively more numerous
Alveoli
34
As you move down generations, alveoli begin to form ___
Alveolar sacs
35
Groups of alveoli connected by ducts are ___
Alveolar sacs
36
___ are the site of gas exchange
Alveoli
37
The respiratory zone is comprised by the grouping of ____ and ____
All alveoli and alveolar sacs
38
What two structures distinguish conducting vs. respiratory?
Alveoli
39
First gas exchange structure
Respiratory bronchiole
40
Last conducting structure
Terminal bronchiole
41
Which lung does aspiration occur more in? Why?
Right
Shorter, smaller angle, three branches
42
Which view is this?
Posterior
43
Which view is this?
Anterior
44
Right bronchus: 3
Shorter
25 degree angle
Three lobar branches
45
Left bronchus: 3
Longer
45 degree angle
Two lobar branches
46
What exists between two pleural layers?
Fluid
Negative pressure
47
Class I Mallampati means
No difficulty
Soft palate, uvula, fauces, and pillars visible
48
You ask the patient to open their mouth to assess airway, what is this?
Mallampati
49
Class II Mallampati means
No difficulty
Soft palate, uvula, fauces visible
50
Class III Mallampati means
Moderate difficulty
Soft palate, vase of uvula visible
51
Class IV Mallampati means
Severe difficulty
Hard palate only visible
52
Airway assessment through an intubation view is known as
Cormack-Lehane
53
Grade I classification Cormack Lehane means
Vocal cords are fully seen
54
Grade IV classification Cormack Lehane means
Vocal cords are not visible
55
Grade II and Grade III classification Cormack Lehane are
Not as precise and can have discrepancies in opinion (subjective)
56
The nasopharynx is connected to the ____
Which muscle controls it?
Soft palate
Tensor palatine
57
The oropharynx is connected to the ____
Which muscle controls it?
Tongue
Genioglossus
58
The hypopharynx/laryngopharynx is connected to the ___
Which muscle controls it?
Epiglottis
Hyoid muscles
59
Where is the hypopharynx?
Behind laryngopharynx
60
What does the genioglossus muscle do?
Maintains tongue and upper airway muscle tone
61
What happens if the genioglossus muscle does not work properly?
Relaxation of tongue can cause oropharynx obstruction
62
Which cranial nerve controls genioglossus muscle?
Cranial nerve 12- hypoglossus nerve
63
What is cranial nerve 12?
Hypoglossal nerve
64
What does the tensor palatine muscle do?
Maintains soft palate and upper airway muscle tone
65
What happens if the tensor palatine muscle does not work properly?
Relaxation causes nasopharynx obstruction
66
Which cranial nerve controls the tensor palatine muscle?
Cranial nerve 5- trigeminal nerve
67
What is cranial nerve 5?
Trigeminal nerve
68
What are the risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea?
Male gender
Obesity
69
Pt's with sleep apnea are often: (3)
Sensitive to respiratory depressants
Difficult to intubate
At risk for post-op hypoxia
70
What are possible treatments for obstructive sleep apnea?
CPAP, surgery
71
Obstructive sleep apnea has three types of narrowing, what are they?
1. Anatomical narrowing
2. Functional narrowing
3. Congenital narrowing
72
Extrinsic muscles of the larynx pass between ___ and elevate ____ during ____
Pass between larynx and elevate larynx during swallowing
73
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx affect the ____ and the ____
Glottis and vocal cords
74
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx are ____ within the ____
Totally contained within the larynx
75
The intrinsic laryngeal muscle pairs ____ and ____ the _____
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles open and close the glottis
76
Abduction =
Away from body
(abducting a kid is taking them away)
77
Adduction =
Toward the body
78
The posterior cricoarytenoids ___ the glottis by ____ the cords
Open the glottis by abducting the cords
79
The lateral cricoarytenoids ___ the glottis by ___ the cords
Close the glottis by adducting the cords
80
What muscle closes the glottis?
Lateral cricoarytenoids
81
What muscle opens the glottis?
Posterior cricoarytenoids
82
Opening the glottis uses ____
Abduction
83
Closing the glottis uses ____
Adduction
84
Tightening vocal cords lengthens/shortens them
Lengthens
85
Relaxing vocal cords lengthens/shortens them
Shortens
86
Which muscle tightens the vocal cords?
Cricothyroid
87
Which muscle relaxes the vocal cords?
Thyroarytenoids
88
Which muscle narrows the inlet to the glottis?
Aryepiglottic muscle
89
Which muscle widens the inlet to the glottis?
Thyroepiglottic muscle
90
What is the opening connecting the pharynx to the larynx?
Laryngeal inlet
91
Innervation refers to the nerves that ___
Go to that organ and how they affect muscle function
92
The larynx is innervated by branches of the ____
Vagus
93
The branches of the vagus nerve that are important to us are (2):
1. Superior laryngeal nerve
2. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
94
The superior laryngeal nerve (a branch off the vagus) has two branches itself. What are they?
1. Internal branch
2. External branch
95
The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is motor/sensory
Sensory
96
The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is motor/sensory
Motor
97
The recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch off the vagus_ has two branches itself. What are they?
1. Right RLN
2. Left RLN
98
Where is the right RLN (recurrent laryngeal nerve) located?
Under the subclavian artery
99
Where is the left RLN (recurrent laryngeal nerve) located?
Under the aortic arch (can be damaged during surgery)
100
Which RLN is more likely to become damaged?
Left
101
What nerve transmits sensory information from above the cords?
Superior laryngeal internal branch
102
What nerve transmits sensory information from below the cords?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)
103
Nerve above the cords =
Superior
104
Nerve below the cords =
Recurrent
105
What nerve is sensory of epiglottis?
Superior laryngeal to the inferior/posterior side
