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Psych 10000 - Review > Lecture 1 - Psych 100 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Psych 100 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

Scientific study of the mind and behavior

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2
Q

Empirical Methods

A

Experimentation & Systematic Observation

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A
  • First referred psychologist
  • Created first laboratory in 1879
    Defined psychology as the scientific study of conscious experience.
  • Believed in Voluntarism
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4
Q

Structuralism

A
  • Ideas establish Wundt, coined and further developed by Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
  • Investigated: Compounds of consciousness & components shaping conscious behavior
  • Introspection: the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes.
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5
Q

Functionalism

A
  • William James (1st American Psych.) opposed structuralism
  • Influenced by Darwin’s evolutionary theory
  • Investigated: Operation of consciousness as a ‘whole’ instead of individual components & Function of behavior
  • Relied on objective measures
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6
Q

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

A
  • Austrian Physician
  • Fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis
  • Theorized that problems arose from the unconscious mind
  • Crucial to gain access to the unconscious
  • Founder of Psychoanalysis
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7
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A
  • A method of treatment for mental disorders
  • Emphasis on unconscious processes
  • Early childhood as influencing behavior
  • Slip of the tongue (Parapraxis)
  • Dream analysis
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8
Q

Pros & Cons of Freud

A

Pros: Some of his beliefs we still hold today, significant influence on current clinical practice

Cons:
- Too simple to explain human mind
- Overemphasized sexuality
- ‘Pseudo-science’

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9
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

German Psychologists: Kohler, Koffka, & Wertheimer
- Introduced Gestalt principles in American Psychology
- Gestalt = “Form” - emphasized perception of the whole rather than individual parts
- Rejected basic principles of structuralism
- Faces challenges from conflicting schools of thought in U.S.
- Influenced humanistic theories and cognitive psychology

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10
Q

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

A
  • Behaviorism
  • Classical conditioning
  • Pavlov’s dogs: Salivation, food, and a tuning fork
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11
Q

John Watson (1878-1958)

A
  • Founder of Behaviorism
  • Believed objective analysis of the mind to be impossible
  • Radical reorientation of psychology as a science of observable behavior
  • Focused on ways to shape behavior
  • Little Albert
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12
Q

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

A
  • Focused on consequences impact on behaviors
  • Believed reinforcement and punishment as main drivers of behavior
  • Operant conditioning
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13
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  • Behaviors that receive positive outcomes are repeated
  • Behaviors that receive negative outcomes are not repeated
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14
Q

Humanism

A
  • Personal control, intentionality, & true predisposition for “good” as determining factors of self-concept and behavior
  • Emphasizes the potential good that is innate to all humans
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15
Q

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

A
  • Humanism
  • Hierarchy of Needs
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16
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A

Top - Self-Actualization: morality, creativity, acceptance, meaning, etc
Self-Esteem: confidence, achievement, respect of others, the need to be a unique individual
Love & Belonging: friendship, family
Safety & Security: Health, employment, property, social ability
Bottom - Physiological Needs: breathing, food, water, shelter, clothing, sleep

17
Q

Carl Rogers (1902 - 1987)

A
  • Emphasized unique qualities of humans: freedom & personal growth
  • Client-centered therapy
18
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A
  • Linguistics, neuroscience, & computer science increased interest in the mind
  • Cognitive Revolution
19
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • American linguist
  • Critiqued behaviorism
  • Advocates for attention to mental processes in psychology
  • More interdisciplinary
20
Q

Multicultural Psychology

A

Develop theories and conduct research within diverse populations within a country

21
Q

Cross-Cultural Psychology

A

Compare populations across the countries

22
Q

Cons

A

Still have high risk of bias, tokenizing, or oversimplifying

23
Q

Biopsychology

A
  • Biological basis of behavior
  • Studies how the structure and function of the nervous system influences behavior
24
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Predicts behaviors based on evolutionary theory and test them through observation or experimentation
- Looks at human psychological traits and evolved adaptations
- Natural selection: traits that improve our reproductive success are favored and survive on time

25
Q

Sensation

A

The input about the physical world obtained by our sensory receptors

26
Q

Perception

A

The process by which the brain selects, organizes, and interprets the sensations

27
Q

Sensation and Perception is interdisciplinary research

A
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Biopsychology
  • Psychophysics
  • Humans and non-human animals
28
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across their lives

29
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Famous for his theories regarding changes in cognitive ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood
- Object permanence

30
Q

Personality Psychology

A

Theories of personality have evolved over time
- Quantitative approach, often using long questionnaires
- Can be reductive, biased, and have varied applicability across cultures
Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN)

31
Q

OCEAN

A

Openness, Conscientious, Extraversion, Agreeable, Neuroticism

32
Q

Social Psychology

A

Study how social influence, social perception, & social interaction influence individual and group behavior including:
- Prejudice, attraction, interpersonal conflicts, Conformity, Obedience (e.g., Milgram)

33
Q

Health Psychology

A

Focuses on how individual psychology is affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences

34
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior
- Involves clinical evaluations, therapy, & counseling

35
Q

Careers in Psychology

A

Most careers in psychology require a PhD or Masters degree.
- Teaching
- Research
- Clinical psychologist
- Counseling psychologist
- Social work
- Corporate & marketing jobs

36
Q

How long does it take? (AFTER completing undergraduate education)

A
  • Clinical psychologist – PhD or PsyD (5 years) + post doc (1-3 years)
  • Research – PhD (5 years) + post doc (1-3 years)
  • Psychiatrist – MD (4 years) + psychiatric residency (4 years)
  • Social worker/mental health counselor – Master’s degree (2 years) + supervised experience (2 years)

Psych 10000 - Review (4 decks)

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