lecture 1: phonological development

Question 1

what is natural phonology (current model)?

Answer 1

model that states patterns of speech are governed by an innate, universal set of phonological processes

Question 2

what are the 3 key assumptions of natural phonology?

Answer 2

1. children posses a full understanding of the adult phoneme system.
2. child only has difficulty in peripheral motor realization of phonetic form.
3. child’s innate phonological system is continuously revised in the
   direction of the adult system.

Question 3

whats the diff bw syllable structure, substitution, and assimilatory phonological processes?

Answer 3

1. syllable structure: affects structure of syllable.
2. substitution: one sound class replaced by another.
3. assimilatory: sound becomes similar to or is influenced by neighbouring sound.

Question 4

define cluster reduction

Answer 4

• consonant cluster becomes single consonant (easier consonant retained)
• spoon = pun

Question 5

define reduplication

Answer 5

• 2nd syllable becomes repetition of the 1st
• water = wawa or blanket = babi

Question 6

define weak syllable deletion

Answer 6

• unstressed syllable is omitted
• banana = nana

Question 7

define final consonant deletion

Answer 7

• omission of coda
• head = hɛ

Question 8

define epenthesis

Answer 8

• insertion of sound segment (often schwa) which changes syllable
• please = pƏliz

Question 9

whats the diff bw “delayed” vs “disorder”?

Answer 9

• delayed: follows typical trajectory but later
• disorder: following atypical trajectory

Question 10

define consonant cluster substitution. what are the 3 types?

Answer 10

• replacement of one member of cluster (street = stwit)
• 1) fronting (velar: /k/ = /t/ or palatal: /sh/ = /s/)
• 2) labialization (thumb = fᴧm)
• 3) alveolarization (mostly interdental and labiodental become alveolar, thumb = sᴧm)

Question 11

define stopping

Answer 11

• turn fricatives into stops or omits fricative part of affricates
• sun = tᴧn or ʤus = dus

Question 12

define affrication

Answer 12

• turn fricatives into affricates
• ʃu = t∫u

Question 13

define deaffrication

Answer 13

• turn affricates into fricatives
• cheese = ∫iz

Question 14

define gliding

Answer 14

• turn liquids/fricatives into glides
• red = wԑd

Question 15

define vowelization

Answer 15

• turn liquids and nasals into vowels
• teɪbəl = teibo

Question 16

define derhotacization

Answer 16

• loss of /r/
• bɜrd or bɝd = bɜd

Question 17

define denasalization

Answer 17

• turn nasals into stops
• noon = dood

Question 18

define voicing substitutions (2)

Answer 18

1. voicing: voiceless becomes voiced (pig = big)
2. devoicing: voiced becomes voiceless (pig = pik)

Question 19

define labial assimilation

Answer 19

• non-labial sound becomes labial due to neighbour
• swIŋ = fwIŋ

Question 20

define velar assimilation

Answer 20

• non-velar becomes velar
• dɔg = gɔg

Question 21

define nasal assimilation

Answer 21

• non-nasal becomes nasal
• bunny = mᴧni

Question 22

define liquid assimilation

Answer 22

• liquid influences non-liquid
• jɛloᶷ = lԑloᶷ

Question 23

which phonological processes are typically suppressed by age 3 years? (6)

Answer 23

1. (unstressed) syllable deletion
2. final consonant deletion
3. (velar) fronting
4. reduplication
5. assimilations
6. voicing issues

Question 24

which phonological processes continue to exist after age 3 years? (6)

Answer 24

1. cluster reduction
2. epenthesis (atypical)
3. gliding
4. vowelization (n/l = vowels)
5. stopping
6. depalatalization (palatal fronting) (shoe = sue)

Question 25

which phonological processes are considered atypical by DEAP? (4)

Answer 25

1. backing
2. consonant harmony
3. medial consonant deletion
4. palatalization