Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Lecture 1: Pathology Overview > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Pathology Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is a disease

A

Interruption, cessation, or disorder in the function of the body/ organ system

  • recognized etiologic agent
  • identifiable group of signs and symptoms
  • anatomical alterations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

6 aspects to the disease process

A
  1. Etiology
  2. Pathogenesis
  3. Morphological changes
  4. Clinical manifestations
  5. Diagnosis
  6. Clinical course
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Etiology definition

A

The cause or origin of disease

-often multi factorial in origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Etiology of disease: risk factors

A
  • Congenital: defects that are present at birth, not hereditary
  • acquired: defects are caused by events that occur after birth
  • genetic predisposition: determined by genes
  • environmental: may serve as a trigger to initiate disease process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of biological etiologic factors

A

Bacterial, viral, fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Examples of physical force etiologic factors

A

Falls, SCI, TBI, burns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of chemical agent etiologic factors

A

Alcohol, poison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of nutritional excess or depletions etiologic factors

A

Diabetes, CAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of genetic abnormality etiologic factors

A

Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pathogenesis definition

A

How the disease process evolves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Morphological changes in disease process can be __

A

Gross anatomical and or microscopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sign definition and examples

A

Manifestations of a disease process (can see/measure)

Ex. Elevated temperature, swelling on extremity, changes in skin texture, elevated RR, HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Symptoms definition and examples

A

Reported indications of disease perceived by the patient but not observed by others
-subjective complaints such as pain, dizziness, SOB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Syndrome definition and example

A

Groupings of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state
Ex. Metabolic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Complications and examples

A

Adverse extensions of a disease or treatment of a disease

Ex. CAD -> MI -> CHF
Hypertension -> stroke
Medications ->dyskinesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Evolution of a disease: acute

A
  • self limiting

- should resolve in a short period of time

17
Q

Evolution of a disease: sub acute

A
  • Intermediate
  • a little more time to heal
  • SCI, TBI
18
Q

Evolution of a disease: chronic

A

-continuous long term process or exacerbations and remissions (pain, MS, PD, etc.)

19
Q

Screening for referral in PT

A
  • there can be a systemic disease or viscerogenic cause of a neuromuscular or musculoskeletal impairment
  • PT screening differentiates between a “medical” problem and a “PT” related problem
20
Q

Reasons to screen for a systemic disease or medical condition

A
  • early detection and referral are key
  • direct access
  • quicker and sicker
  • signed prescription (potentially from a doctor that hasn’t seen the patient)
  • unrecognized early signs and symptoms (PTs see the patients longer)
  • patient/client disclosure
21
Q

The screening process

A

Past medical history

  • patient demographics (age, gender, race/ethnicity, occupation)
  • Personal and family history (risk for disease, medical/surgical history, medications, prescience of a disability, IDD or acquired )
  • Psychosocial (education - provides insight on how you may communicate effectively, family system - live alone or with others, culture/religion -regarding touch, clothing, etc.)
  • risk factors assessment
  • clinical presentations- pain pattern/types
  • associated signs and symptoms of systematic disease
22
Q

Yellow flags in the screening process

A

Cautionary or warning symptoms that signals “slow down” and think about the need for screening

23
Q

Red flags in the screening process

A

May not be a PT problem or only a PT problem

-looking for a viscerogenic or systemic origin or pain and or symptoms

24
Q

3 possible decisions after screening

A
  • diagnose and treat
  • referral/consultation
  • both
25
Q

elements of patient/ client management

A
  • Examination
  • evaluation (including clinical judgements/interpretation)
  • Diagnosis (within scope of practice)
  • prognosis
  • intervention
  • actual outcome (results of patient management)
26
Q

Cardiovascular/ pulmonary vital signs

A

HR, BP, RR

27
Q

Typical resting BP

A

Systolic 120

Diastolic 80

28
Q

What blood pressure should you limit physical activity for

A

Systolic > 200 or <80

Diastolic <100

29
Q

What is edema

A

Accumulation of fluids in the interstitial spaces

30
Q

Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A
  • Physical inactivity
  • smoking
  • high cholesterol
  • high blood pressure
31
Q

Non modifiable risk factors for CVD

A

Age, gender, family history, post menopausal

32
Q

Contributing risk factors for CVD

A

Obesity, personality, PVD

33
Q

Body mass index

A

An index of body fatness (mass in kg/height in m^2)

  • underweight: less than 18.5
  • normal: 18.5-24.9
  • overweight: 25-29.9 (risk of disease increases)
  • obese: 30 or greater
  • greater tan 45 is associated with very high risk of disease
34
Q

Things to look for when examining the skin

A

-presence of scar formation
-skin integrity (tutor) elasticity or resiliency
-skin color
Blue tinge: low O2 levels
white: pale/pallor
yellow: jaundice, excess bilirubin
gray-brown: hyperpigmentation,hormone disturbances
gray-brown: hyperpigmentation, hormone disturbances
irregular edges, dark: melanoma

35
Q

Things to look for when doing a musculoskeletal inspection

A
  • gross range of motion
  • gross strength
  • gross symmetry
  • height
  • weight
36
Q

Things to look for when inspecting the neuromuscular system

A
  • gross coordinated movements (balance, locomotion, transfer, transitions)
  • general motor control (fluid versus non fluid)
  • vision
  • hearing
  • vestibular
37
Q

Things to look for/think about in relation to communication/cognition of a patient

A

are there learning barriers?

  • literacy - adjust your level of communication
  • language- may need an interpreter
  • vision impairments-sit at eye level
  • hearing impairments - speak slowly (give time to respond)
  • mentation: ability to understand and follow directions

Pathology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions