Lecture 1: Overview of Pharmacokinetics

Question 1

what are 2 goals of pharmacotherapy?

Answer 1

1. cure disease
2. reduce / eliminate symptoms
3. slow/halt progression of disease
4. prevent disease

Question 2

all drugs have good/bad effects, the __ is the difference between toxin and medicine

Answer 2

dose

Question 3

another word for pharmacokinetics is drug __

Answer 3

disposition

Question 4

what are the 4 fundamental processes of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 4

1. absorption
2. distribution
3. metabolism
4. excretion

Question 5

what is drug absorption?

Answer 5

movement of drug from site of administration into the bloodstream

Question 6

drugs are often metabolized in the ___ and the resulting metabolites can be excreted in the __

Answer 6

liver; bile

Question 7

metanolites that are not excreted in the bile, can be re-distributed to the __ and excreted through the __

Answer 7

kidneys; urinary tract

Question 8

volatile drugs can be excreted via __

Answer 8

expired air

Question 9

what is the MEC?

Answer 9

minimum effective concentration, smallest amount needed for drug to work in the body

Question 10

what is the onset time?

Answer 10

time the MEC is reached (when drug is expected to start working)

Question 11

what is the MTC?

Answer 11

maximum tolerable concentration, largest amount that can be given b4 we start seeing adverse effects

Question 12

what is the duration of activity?

Answer 12

time @ which drug concentration remains above the MEC

Question 13

what does the duration of activity help us to determine?

Answer 13

how long a dose of a drug will work, therefore the required dosing intervals

Question 14

how is the intensity/magnitude determined?

Answer 14

ratio of Cmax/MEC

Question 15

a higher Cmax above MEC means there is a ___ intensity

Answer 15

greater

Question 16

intensity is very important to what type of antibiotics?

Answer 16

amino glycoside

Question 17

plasma drug concentration ___ between doses

Answer 17

oscillates

Question 18

with multiple doses, we can see different levels of drug ___ in the body based on dosage and interval

Answer 18

accumulation

Question 19

what is Vd?

Answer 19

volume of distribution, relates to dose of drug to concentration of drug in the plasma

Question 20

Vd is important to ___ determination

Answer 20

dosing

Question 21

what is T1/2?

Answer 21

half life, time for plasma drug concentration to decrease by 50%

Question 22

half life is important for determining __

Answer 22

dosing intervals

Question 23

what is CL?

Answer 23

clearance, describes efficacy of irreversible removal of drug from plasma

Question 24

CL is important in determining ___

Answer 24

maintenance doses to target the therapeutic range

Question 25

list 3 factors affecting pharmacokinetics and drug response

Answer 25

1. patient factors 2. multiple drug therapy 3. other factors

Question 26

what are patient factors that can affect pharmacokinetics?

Answer 26

sex, age, genetics, body composition, disease, smoking, diet etc

Question 27

what are multiple drug therapy factors that can affect pharmacokinetics?

Answer 27

drug interaction and compliance

Question 28

what are "other" factors that can affect pharmacokinetic?

Answer 28

route of administration, dosage form, and whether it is properly administered

Question 29

why might you want to take a drug with water?

Answer 29

the water ensures that it gets to the stomach to be absorbed in the primary site in the intestine where the water can also work as a dissolution media, helping with absorption

Question 30

why might it be important to not chew/crush certain drugs?

Answer 30

may cause degradation, break down in the stomach before it reaches the primary site of absorption

Question 31

why do children require smaller drug doses?

Answer 31

they have a smaller volume of distribution