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Bio 465 - Cancer > Lecture 1 - Overview and Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Overview and Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of disease is cancer?

A

An aging disease

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2
Q

Who does cancer effect the most?

A

Older people

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3
Q

Why does cancer effect older people more? (4)

A
  1. Because their DNA repair system is not as good as it once was
  2. Need to get more exercise
  3. Hormone balance changes
  4. Lack of ability to maintain metabolism
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4
Q

What are 2 important contributors of cancer?

A
  1. Behaviour

2. Environment

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5
Q

What is a part of malignancy?

A

Metastasis

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6
Q

Define metastasis

A

The development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer

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7
Q

Define cancer

A

The disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body

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8
Q

What is there an imbalance between in cancer? (2)

A
  1. Cell division

2. Cell death

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9
Q

Does size of a tumor have anything to do with malignancy?

A

No

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10
Q

What does size of a tumor have more to do with?

A

Behaviour

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11
Q

What is not a predictor of malignancy?

A

Size

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12
Q

What is cancer?

A

A collection of related disease of proliferation

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13
Q

What occurs in all types of cancer? (2)

A
  1. Cells dividing without stopping

2. Spreading to surrounding tissues

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14
Q

What is one important difference in cancer cells to normal cells?

A

Cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells

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15
Q

What does less specialized cause?

A

Change in patter to profliferation

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16
Q

What happens if you cant maintain pH? And what happens if that is maintain?

A
  1. It will change epithelial cells

2. It could cause an infection

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17
Q

What is 1 thing that can cause cells to proliferate and become unusual?

A

Change in environment

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18
Q

How does cancer typically begin?

A

Through different mutations that are crucial for the cells to proliferate

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19
Q

What hormone is important for proliferation?

A

Estrogen

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20
Q

What is the leading cause of death in Canada?

A

Cancer

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21
Q

Why is the leading cause of death different in every country?

A

Because the environment is different

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22
Q

What type of cancer is most common in Canada?

A

Leukemia

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23
Q

What is the major problem/ killer in the world?

A

Heart disease

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24
Q

What percentage do people in Canada die from cancer?

A

29.9%

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25
Q

What percentage do people in Canada die from heart disease?

A

19.7%

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26
Q

What percentage do people in Canada die from other possible incidences?

A

25.0%

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27
Q

What percentage do people in Canada die from cerebrovascular?

A

5.5%

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28
Q

What percentage do people in Canada die from chronic lower respiratory diseases?

A

4.6%

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29
Q

What percentage do people in Canada die from accidents?

A

4.4%

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30
Q

What percentage do people in Canada die from diabetes?

A

3.0%

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31
Q

What percentage do people in Canada die from alzheimers?

A

2.6%

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32
Q

What percentage do people in Canada die from influenza?

A

2.4%

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33
Q

What percentage do people in Canada die from suicide?

A

1.5%

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34
Q

What percentage do people in Canada die from kidney disease?

A

1.4%

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35
Q

Who is leukemia more common in?

A

Younger people

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36
Q

Many people thought cancer was what kind of disease, but were proven wrong?

A

A modern disease

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37
Q

Where in a child is there more chance for proliferation and why?

A
  1. In the bone

2. Because they are growing and have a high turn over rate

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38
Q

What percentage of Canadians will develop cancer in their lifetime?

A

40% (2 in 5)

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39
Q

How many Canadians will die from cancer in 2013?

A

75,500

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40
Q

What percentage Canadians will die of cancer?

A

25% (1 in 4)

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41
Q

How many Canadians will be diagnosed with cancer in 2013?

A

187,600

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42
Q

Define incidence

A

The occurrence, rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or something else undesirable

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43
Q

What do people look at with incidence rate? (2)

A
  1. They look at the possible epidemics that could arise

2. Look at new cases of diseases

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44
Q

Define prevalence

A

Total accumulated number of cases that you are following

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45
Q

What happens to the incidence line as the population is changed and why?

A

It goes up, because aging is a big part of cancer

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46
Q

What is important in order to control caner?

A

Early detection

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47
Q

What are 3 reasons for a decrease in cancer motility?

A
  1. New diagnostics
  2. New treatment techniques
    - at what cost though (eg. quality of life)
  3. More information
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48
Q

What type of cancer is more prevalent in men than women, and why?

A
  1. Lung cancer

2. Males smoke more

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49
Q

What country is more prone to leukemia?

A

Canada

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50
Q

What country is more prone to colon cancer?

A

USA

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51
Q

What country is more prone to cervical cancer?

A

Brazil

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52
Q

What country is more prone to lung cancer?

A

UK

- Scotland

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53
Q

What country is more prone to liver cancer?

A

China

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54
Q

What country is more prone to stomach cancer?

A

Japan

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55
Q

What country is more prone to skin cancer?

A

Australia

56
Q

What is an important factor with cancer?

A

Environment

57
Q

What country is more prone to breast cancer?

A

Uruguay

58
Q

What country is more prone to prostate cancer?

A

USA

59
Q

Besides infection, what does cancer need in order to proliferate?

A

Stress

60
Q

What happens if the stress and infection are left? (2)

A
  1. Becomes chronic

2. Leads to an increase risk for proliferation and cancer

61
Q

Define tumor

A

Any abnormal growth (neoplasm) or mass of tissue which exceeds and is uncontrolled with that of the normal tissue and persists int eh same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change

62
Q

What are 2 types of tumors?

A
  1. Benign

2. Malignant

63
Q

What are 7 traits for a benign tumor?

A
  1. Small nuclear size
  2. Low nuclear size to cytoplasmic volume ratio
  3. Regular nuclear shape
  4. Low mitotic index
  5. Normal tissue organization
  6. Well differentiated
  7. Well define tumor boundary
    - encapsulated
64
Q

What are 7 traits for malignant tumor?

A
  1. Large nuclear size
  2. High nuclear size to cytoplasmic volume ratio
  3. Irregular (pleomorphic) nuclear shape
  4. High mitotic index
  5. Disorganized tissues
  6. Poorly differentiated (anaplastic)
  7. Poorly define
    - not encapsulated
65
Q

In situ

A

Capsilated

66
Q

Homogenous vs heterogenous cells

A
  1. Homo = same type of cells

2. Hetero = different type of cells

67
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Is the process through which the cancer establishes itself to other sites

68
Q

What allows cancer cells to get into the blood easier and move around faster?

A

Go through a change in differentiation

  • de-differentiated
  • develops a new motility/ transition
69
Q

How are cancer cells transported to distant sites?

A

Circulatory system

70
Q

Where does cancer go once it begins to spread?

A

To the lymph nodes

71
Q

What leads cancer into stage 2?

A

Cancerous cells starting to swell and attracting WBCs

72
Q

What are the 3 stages of metastasis?

A
  1. Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and vessels
  2. Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites
  3. Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new locations
73
Q

What happens if cancer spreads to the lungs?

A

The patient will more likely die of some kind of lung condition instead of the actual original cancer

74
Q

At stage 0 what is the % of recovery?

A

100%

75
Q

At stage 1 what is the % of recovery?

A

98%

76
Q

At stage 2 what is the % of recovery?

A

88%

77
Q

At stage 3A what is the % of recovery?

A

56%

78
Q

At stage 3B what is the % of recovery?

A

49%

79
Q

At stage 4 what is the % of recovery?

A

16%

80
Q

What does stage 0 mean? (3)

A
  1. Non-invasive carcinoma in situ
  2. It is well incapsulated
  3. Extracellular matrix is still in place
81
Q

What does stage 1 mean? (2)

A
  1. Invasive tumor < 2cm

2. No lymph nodes

82
Q

What does stage 2 mean? (2)

A
  1. 5cm > tumor > 2cm or spread to the lymph nodes

2. Activating and exciting the immune system

83
Q

What does stage 3A mean?

A

Tumor > 5cm or lymph nodes are clumping

84
Q

What does stage 3B mean?

A

Any size tumor that has spread to skin, chest wall, or mammary lymph nodes

85
Q

What does stage 4 mean?

A

Any invasive tumor that has spread beyond the breast and lymph nodes

86
Q

What type of organs are breast and prostate organs?

A

Endocrine organs

87
Q

Where do prostate cancers metastasize to?

A

To the bone

- pelvis is most common

88
Q

Where do small cell lung cancers metastasize to?

A

To the brain

89
Q

Where do neuroblastoma cancers metastasize to?

A

To the liver

90
Q

Where do breast cancers metastasize to?

A

To the liver

91
Q

What hormone is the prostate driven by?

A

Testosterone

92
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

It filters and removes a lot of macrophages

93
Q

What are the 2 hypothesis for preferred?

A
  1. Seed and soil hypothesis

2. Capillary bed entrapment

94
Q

What is the seed and soil hypothesis?

A

Certain tissues or organs are particularly favourable for the growth of some cancers

95
Q

What is the capillary bed entrapment hypothesis?

A

Organ preference is a function of entrapment of cancer cells in the first capillary bed encountered

96
Q

What are the 4 types of cell growth?

A
  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Dysplasia
  4. Neoplasia
97
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells

98
Q

What happens to the cell size in hypertrophy?

A

It increases

99
Q

What is the organization of hypertrophy?

A

Normal organization

100
Q

Where does the stimuli come from for hypertrophy and is it reversible?

A
  1. External stimulus

2. Yes it is reversible

101
Q

Hyperplasia

A

The enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the preproduction rate of of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer

102
Q

What happens to the cell number?

A

It increases

103
Q

What is the organization of hyperplasia?

A

Normal organization

104
Q

What happens if the infection for the cancer is not removed?

A

It becomes hyperplasia

105
Q

Where does the stimuli come from for hyperplasia and is it reversible?

A
  1. External stimulus

2. Yes it is reversible

106
Q

Dysplasia

A

The presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer

107
Q

What is the growth organization for dysplasia?

A

Disorganized growth

108
Q

Is dysplasia reversible?

A

It may or may not be reversible

109
Q

What happens if the stress on the cancer is not removed and it is constant?

A

It becomes dysplasic

110
Q

Neoplasia

A

The formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth or tissue

111
Q

What is the growth organization for neoplasia?

A

Disorganized growth

112
Q

What happens to the number of dividing cells?

A

It increases

113
Q

What happens if the stress on cancer is never resolved?

A

It becomes neoplasia

114
Q

In neoplasia, what happens to the nuclear size and cytosol volume?

A
  1. Nuclear size gets bigger

2. Cytosol volume changes

115
Q

Is a stimuli required for neoplasia?

A

No

116
Q

Is neoplasia reversible?

A

No

117
Q

What plays a factor in the likelihood of getting cancer?

A

Sensitivity of location

118
Q

Does size of tumor determine malignancy?

A

No

119
Q

What is tumor size important for and why?

A

Important for diagnostics because it is easier to see and find the location on where the tumor is

120
Q

How do brain tumors divide?

A

Frequently

121
Q

How do small intestinal tumors divide?

A

Rapidly

  • but they are rare
  • high turn over rate
122
Q

Why do tumor cells accumulate?

A

Because of a failure in differentiation or block in cell death

123
Q

What does de-differentiation serve as only if it is maintained?

A

Protection

124
Q

What happens when the cells are in contact?

A

They tend to slow down in growth

125
Q

What is the ratio of cell birth to cell death in normal cells?

A

1 born: 1 dies

126
Q

What is the ratio of cell birth to cell death in a tumor?

A

Ratio altered — too much cell birth or too little cell death

127
Q

Is every cell within the neoplasm capable of tumor initiation?

A

Every cell is capable of growing rapidly

- which changes the environment and that then allows for more change to occur

128
Q

Where may mutations arise?

A

In stem cells

- a rare population of cells capable of cell renewal and proliferation

129
Q

Pluripotent

A

Capable of giving rise to several different cell types

130
Q

What do the levels of estrogen do with increasing cell growth?

A

The levels of estrogen rise

131
Q

What is 1 important thing that estrogen does in normal tissues?

A

Its important in regulating proliferation rates in normal tissues

132
Q

What does a change in pH do to a cell?

A

It can change the environment

133
Q

What happens if the stimulus that changes a pH is constant?

A

It can add to the infection and if it cant be resolved it changes the speciality of the cell due to the different environment

134
Q

Is breast caner more prevalent in males or women? Lung cancer?

A
  1. Women

2. Males

135
Q

What does vitamin D absorb?

A

Ca

136
Q

What type of hormone is vitamin D?

A

Its a sickle steroid hormone

137
Q

What are 3 things vitamin D is responsible for?

A
  1. Immune function

2. Controlling rates

Bio 465 - Cancer (1 decks)

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