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Neurohistology > Lecture 1- Neurons > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Constituents of grey matter

A

Neuronal bodies (soma)
Dedrites
Axons
Associated glia

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2
Q

Constituents of white matter

A

Myelinated axons

Associated glia

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3
Q

H&E stain

A

Cell nucleus stains blue

Cytoplasm and connective tissue stains pink

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4
Q

Nissl stain

A

Differentiates between somatodendritic areas and axonal regions
Allows for visualisation of layers and cell densities

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5
Q

Myelin stain

A

Differentiates between grey matter and white matter

myelin or no myelin

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6
Q

Luxol blue stain

A

Nissle bodies stain purple and surrounding myelin fibers stain blue

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7
Q

Impregnation techniques

A

Whole morphology of neurons and glia

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8
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

Technique for identifying expression of specific proteins such as neurotransmitters

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9
Q

Electron microscopy

A

For studying ultrastructure, fine structures within a cell eg: layers of myelin sheath

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10
Q

Neuron characteristics

A

Large soma
Prominent, euchromatic nucleolus
Nissl bodies throughout cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic extensions (dendrites and axon)

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11
Q

Nissl bodies

A 
RER
Free ribosome + mRNA= polysomes
Polysomes + ER = RER
Presence indicates protein synthesis
RER makes proteins for secretion or incorporation into cell wall
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12
Q

Euchromatin

A

Active genetic material
Stains lighter
Often under active transcription

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13
Q

Types of neurons

A

Bipolar
Pseudounipolar
Multipolar

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14
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Sensory neurons
Olfactory epithelium
Retina of eye
Ganglia of vestibulocochlear nerve

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15
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

Consists of 1 process which bifurcates into 2
-central and peripheral processes
Found in craniospinal ganglia

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16
Q

Multipolar

A

Most common

17
Q

Cytoskeleton purpose

A

Required for neurons to form projections while maintaining their structure and functions

18
Q

Composition of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Neurofilaments
Microtubules

19
Q

Microfilaments

A

Consist of 2 strands of actin twisted around each other
Found throughout neurons and glia
Enriched in areas near plasmalemma, presynaptic terminals, dendritic spines and growth cones
NB during development, regeneration and repair)

20
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Heteropolymers, from from NFH, NFM + NFL for low, medium and high molecular-weight subunits
Make up the bulk of axonal volume in large, myelinated fibers
Represent a large fraction of total protein of the brain
Provide mechanical strength and a stable cytoskeletal framework
Regulate cellular and axonal volumes
Unusual degree of metabolic stability, therefore well suited for a role in stabilisation and maintenance

21
Q

Microtubules

A

a- and b-tubulin subunits
The route to transport substances to different parts of cell
Several microtubule-associated proteins (MAP’s) are expressed only in neurons and be localised specifically to either axons or dendrites

22
Q

Taupathies

A 
Heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders
Alzheimers
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Corticobasal syndrome
Frontotemporal dementias
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
23
Q

Anterograde transport

A

process by which fresh components are continuously made in soma of neuron and moved into axon and dendrites

24
Q

Neuron conduction process

A

Potential generated in somatodendritic region, action potential generated at axon hillock and propagated along axon towards axon terminal to effector organs or postsynaptic neuron

25
Q

Synapse distinguishing features

A

Chemical or electrical (chemical most common)
Inhibitory or excitatory
Which NT is used
Which neuronal components synapse

26
Q

Types of synapses

A

Axoaxonix
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Dendrodendritic

27
Q

Types of terminals

A

Terminal boutons
Boutons en passant
Varicosities

28
Q

Terminal boutons

A

Each axon terminal is capped with a small terminal bouton

29
Q

Boutons en passant

A

Boutons are found along the length of the axon

30
Q

Varicosities

A

Not button-like but still indicate point of cell-to-cell information transfer

Neurohistology (5 decks)

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