Lecture 1: Nervous System Organization Flashcards
Which of the following is the main communication system that connects animals to the outside world?
a) Circulatory System
b) Nervous System
c) Digestive System
d) Endocrine System
Answer: b) Nervous System
Which statement about the nervous system is correct?
a) It is independent of all other systems in the body.
b) It is only found in the brain and spinal cord.
c) It is distributed throughout the body and influences all other systems.
d) It functions without communication between cells.
Answer: c) It is distributed throughout the body and influences all other systems.
What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
a) Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
b) Brain and Peripheral Nervous System
c) Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
d) Sensory and Motor Nervous Systems
Answer: c) Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What is the major functional unit of the nervous system?
a) Glial cells
b) Neurons
c) Axons
d) Dendrites
Answer: b) Neurons
What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?
a) To receive and communicate information between cells
b) To link sensory and motor neurons
c) To act as a supportive matrix for neurons
d) To carry out computations producing thought and behavior
Answer: c) To act as a supportive matrix for neurons
Which of the following is true about glial cells in humans?
a) Humans have fewer glial cells compared to flatworms.
b) Mammalian brains have 10 times more glial cells than neurons.
c) Glial cells outnumber neurons by a factor of 100 in mammals.
d) Glial cells are only found in the Peripheral Nervous System.
Answer: b) Mammalian brains have 10 times more glial cells than neurons.
What is the function of sensory neurons (afferent neurons)?
a) They relay information from stimuli to integrative centers.
b) They transmit pulses between other neurons.
c) They carry information from the brain to muscles.
d) They act as a supportive matrix for neurons.
Answer: a) They relay information from stimuli to integrative centers.
Which of the following best describes motor neurons (efferent neurons)?
a) They transmit information between neurons in the CNS.
b) They relay sensory information to integrative centers.
c) They send information from the brain to muscles and organs.
d) They act as receptors for external stimuli.
Answer: c) They send information from the brain to muscles and organs.
Which statement correctly distinguishes sensory and motor neurons?
a) Sensory neurons send information away from the brain, while motor neurons send it toward the brain.
b) Sensory neurons relay stimuli to integrative centers, while motor neurons carry output to muscles.
c) Both sensory and motor neurons carry information exclusively within the brain.
d) Motor neurons process sensory input, while sensory neurons execute motor output.
Answer: b) Sensory neurons relay stimuli to integrative centers, while motor neurons carry output to muscles.
What is the function of interneurons?
a) To link neurons within the CNS and perform complex computations
b) To relay information from sensory stimuli to integrative centers
c) To carry information away from the brain to muscles
d) To act as receptors for external stimuli
Answer: a) To link neurons within the CNS and perform complex computations
Which of the following neurons is responsible for producing thought and behavior by transmitting signals between other neurons?
a) Sensory neurons
b) Motor neurons
c) Interneurons
d) Glial cells
Answer: c) Interneurons
Which of the following neurons are responsible for “arriving” information to the brain?
a) Interneurons
b) Motor neurons
c) Sensory neurons
d) Glial cells
Answer: c) Sensory neurons
Which of the following neurons are responsible for “exiting” information from the brain to muscles?
a) Sensory neurons
b) Interneurons
c) Glial cells
d) Motor neurons
Answer: d) Motor neurons
What is the communication network in the nervous system primarily composed of?
a) Glial cells
b) Neurons
c) Axons and dendrites only
d) Neurotransmitters
Answer: b) Neurons
What is the primary function of the soma (cell body) in a neuron?
a) Transmitting electrical signals to other neurons
b) Receiving and integrating synaptic inputs
c) Generating the myelin sheath
d) Connecting the axon to the dendrites
Answer: b) Receiving and integrating synaptic inputs
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
a) Transmitting electrical impulses to the axon terminals
b) Generating action potentials
c) Bringing information into the soma
d) Protecting the axon
Answer: c) Bringing information into the soma
What is the role of the axon initial segment?
a) It serves as the site where neurotransmitters are released.
b) It is responsible for forming the myelin sheath.
c) It integrates signals to determine if an action potential will be generated.
d) It transmits signals between dendrites and the soma.
Answer: c) It integrates signals to determine if an action potential will be generated.
What is the primary role of the axon?
a) To receive input from other neurons
b) To propagate action potentials to the axon terminals
c) To integrate signals from dendrites
d) To produce myelin
Answer: b) To propagate action potentials to the axon terminals
Which cells produce the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system?
a) Oligodendrocytes
b) Astrocytes
c) Schwann cells
d) Microglial cells
Answer: c) Schwann cells
What is the primary function of myelin?
a) To generate action potentials
b) To insulate the axon and speed up signal conduction
c) To connect dendrites to the soma
d) To store neurotransmitters
Answer: b) To insulate the axon and speed up signal conduction
What happens at the presynaptic terminals of a neuron?
a) Action potentials are generated.
b) Neurotransmitters are released to influence other cells.
c) Myelin is produced to insulate the axon.
d) Synaptic potentials are integrated.
Answer: b) Neurotransmitters are released to influence other cells.
Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for conduction of action potentials?
a) Soma
b) Dendrites
c) Axon
d) Presynaptic terminal
Answer: c) Axon
What structural feature allows the axon to propagate signals rapidly?
a) Presence of terminal branches
b) Myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells
c) Large size of the soma
d) Abundance of dendrites
Answer: b) Myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells
What is the primary output structure of the neuron that interacts with other cells?
a) Dendrites
b) Axon hillock
c) Terminal branches and presynaptic terminal
d) Soma
c)
How are neurons structurally classified?
a) By the number of synaptic inputs they receive
b) By the size of their axons
c) By the number of processes attached to the soma
d) By the type of neurotransmitter they release
Answer: c) By the number of processes attached to the soma
What type of neuron is typically a sensory neuron?
a) Multipolar neuron
b) Bipolar neuron
c) Unipolar neuron
d) Interneuron
Answer: c) Unipolar neuron
Which type of neuron has one axon and one dendrite attached to the soma?
a) Unipolar neuron
b) Bipolar neuron
c) Multipolar neuron
d) Pseudounipolar neuron
Answer: b) Bipolar neuron
What is the function of multipolar neurons?
a) To transmit sensory information
b) To act as interneurons
c) To serve as output neurons in motor pathways
d) To connect the soma directly to axon terminals
Answer: c) To serve as output neurons in motor pathways
Which neuron type is most commonly associated with motor function?
a) Unipolar neuron
b) Bipolar neuron
c) Multipolar neuron
d) Sensory neuron
Answer: c) Multipolar neuron
Where is the cell body located in a unipolar neuron?
a) At the center, connecting the axon and dendrites
b) In a separate juncture along the axon
c) At the end of the axon
d) Embedded within the myelin sheath
Answer: b) In a separate juncture along the axon
What is the defining characteristic of a multipolar neuron?
a) It has a single process extending from the soma.
b) It has multiple dendrites and one axon.
c) It lacks an axon and relies solely on dendrites.
d) It has two processes extending from opposite sides of the soma.
Answer: b) It has multiple dendrites and one axon.
Which type of neuron is most commonly found in the central nervous system?
a) Unipolar neuron
b) Bipolar neuron
c) Multipolar neuron
d) Sensory neuron
Answer: c) Multipolar neuron
What is the primary role of glial cells in the central nervous system?
A. Transmitting electrical signals between neurons
B. Acting as the supportive matrix for neurons
C. Generating motor responses
D. Forming myelin sheaths exclusively
Answer: B
Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?
A. Delivering oxygen and metabolic substrates to neurons
B. Supporting and maintaining the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
C. Generating action potentials
D. Removing neurotransmitters and regulating ion concentrations at synapses
Answer: C
How do astrocytes contribute to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A. By producing neurotransmitters
B. By forming tight junctions in the brain’s blood vessels
C. By using their “feet” to block materials from exiting capillaries
D. By wrapping axons to improve signal transmission
Answer: C
Which part of the astrocyte interacts with capillaries to help form the blood-brain barrier?
A. Synaptic terminals
B. Astrocytic feet
C. Dendrites
D. Axon terminals
Answer: B
What type of metabolic support do astrocytes provide to neurons?
A. They generate electrical impulses for neurons.
B. They deliver oxygen and metabolic substrates.
C. They create cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
D. They produce glucose through photosynthesis.
Answer: B
What is a key characteristic of astrocytes in the CNS?
A. They form the myelin sheath around axons.
B. They interact with neurons, blood vessels, and other cells.
C. They produce action potentials for signal transmission.
D. They only interact with oligodendrocytes.
Answer: B
Where are oligodendrocytes found in the nervous system?
A. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
B. Central nervous system (CNS)
C. Enteric nervous system
D. Sympathetic nervous system
Answer: B
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes?
A. Removing neurotransmitters at synapses
B. Insulating axons to enhance impulse conduction
C. Supporting the blood-brain barrier
D. Phagocytosing cellular debris
Answer: B
Oligodendrocytes are equivalent to which type of cell in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
A. Astrocytes
B. Schwann cells
C. Microglial cells
D. Satellite cells
Answer: B
How do oligodendrocytes contribute to signal transmission in the CNS?
A. By increasing the velocity of impulse propagation through myelin production
B. By maintaining the blood-brain barrier
C. By generating action potentials
D. By releasing neurotransmitters
Answer: A
Which of the following is NOT a function of oligodendrocytes?
A. Insulating axons with myelin
B. Minimizing leakage of ions across the axonal membrane
C. Supporting the structural integrity of synapses
D. Facilitating effective transmission of information
Answer: C
Which glial cell type is primarily responsible for forming the blood-brain barrier in the CNS?
A. Astrocytes
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Microglial cells
D. Schwann cells
Answer: A
How do oligodendrocytes differ from Schwann cells?
A. Oligodendrocytes are found in the PNS, while Schwann cells are in the CNS.
B. Oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons, while Schwann cells myelinate a single axon.
C. Oligodendrocytes regulate ion concentrations, while Schwann cells do not.
D. Oligodendrocytes remove neurotransmitters, while Schwann cells produce neurotransmitters.
Answer: B
What key function do astrocytes and oligodendrocytes share?
A. Both remove neurotransmitters from synapses.
B. Both support the structure and function of neurons.
C. Both produce myelin for axonal insulation.
D. Both facilitate neurotransmitter release.
Answer: B
Which glial cell type primarily aids in removing neurotransmitters and regulating ion concentrations at synapses?
A. Oligodendrocytes
B. Schwann cells
C. Astrocytes
D. Microglial cells
Answer: C
What structural feature differentiates oligodendrocytes from astrocytes?
A. Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths, while astrocytes do not.
B. Oligodendrocytes regulate neurotransmitter levels, while astrocytes do not.
C. Oligodendrocytes maintain the blood-brain barrier, while astrocytes do not.
D. Oligodendrocytes interact with blood vessels, while astrocytes do not.
Answer: A
What is the primary function of microglial cells in the CNS?
A. Forming myelin to insulate axons
B. Acting as phagocytes to aid immune responses
C. Supporting the blood-brain barrier
D. Delivering oxygen and nutrients to neurons
Answer: B
How do microglial cells respond to brain injury?
A. They regenerate damaged neurons.
B. They pick up cellular debris and pathogens.
C. They create a new blood-brain barrier.
D. They enhance neurotransmitter signaling.
Answer: B
Microglial cells are most similar to which immune system cell?
A. T-cells
B. Macrophages
C. Neutrophils
D. B-cells
Answer: B
Which additional role do microglial cells share with astrocytes?
A. Involvement in nervous system development and plasticity
B. Myelination of axons for signal transmission
C. Maintaining the blood-brain barrier
D. Removing ions and neurotransmitters at synapses
Answer: A
Which of the following glial cells plays a primary role in insulating axons?
A. Microglial cells
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Astrocytes
D. Satellite cells
Answer: B
How do astrocytes differ from microglial cells?
A. Astrocytes act as phagocytes, while microglial cells regulate ion concentrations.
B. Astrocytes maintain the blood-brain barrier, while microglial cells act as immune cells.
C. Astrocytes produce myelin, while microglial cells support axon insulation.
D. Astrocytes pick up cellular debris, while microglial cells deliver oxygen.
Answer: B
Which function is unique to microglial cells among glial cells in the CNS?
A. Supporting neuron plasticity
B. Acting as immune responders by phagocytosis
C. Removing neurotransmitters from synapses
D. Producing myelin for axon insulation
Answer: B
Which glial cell type is involved in the immune response and pathogen clearance?
A. Oligodendrocytes
B. Microglial cells
C. Schwann cells
D. Astrocytes
Answer: B
What do oligodendrocytes and microglial cells have in common?
A. Both insulate axons with myelin.
B. Both support immune responses in the CNS.
C. Both are involved in neural repair after injury.
D. Both contribute to ion regulation at synapses.
Answer: C
Which of the following is an example of an endocrine gland?
A. Salivary glands
B. Thyroid gland
C. Sweat glands
D. Sebaceous glands
Answer: B
How do hormones released by the endocrine system typically reach their target cells?
A. Through direct contact with adjacent cells
B. Via circulation in the bloodstream
C. Through neural synapses
D. By diffusion in interstitial fluid
Answer: B
Which of the following is required for a cell to respond to a specific hormone?
A. The cell must be part of a gland.
B. The cell must have receptor molecules recognized by the hormone.
C. The cell must produce its own hormones.
D. The cell must secrete enzymes.
Answer: B
Which of the following functions is NOT directly regulated by the endocrine system?
A. Water balance
B. Voluntary muscle contractions
C. Metabolism
D. Stress response
Answer: B
Which statement best describes the relationship between target cells and hormones?
A. Hormones bind to any cell in the bloodstream.
B. Only target cells with specific receptor molecules can respond to a hormone.
C. Hormones enter all cells and affect their functions.
D. Target cells produce hormones for themselves.
Answer: B
Why is the response of the endocrine system considered widespread?
A. Hormones act only on nearby target cells.
B. Hormones travel through the bloodstream and affect multiple organs.
C. Hormones degrade immediately after secretion.
D. Hormones stimulate only a single type of cell in the body.
Answer: B
What processes are controlled by the endocrine system?
A. Reflex responses and voluntary movements
B. Metabolism, water balance, and stress response
C. Muscle contractions and sensory perception
D. Immune responses and neurotransmitter release
Answer: B
What is the main role of nonneural endocrine cells?
A. To secrete neurotransmitters directly into synapses
B. To release hormonal signals into capillaries for distribution in the bloodstream
C. To form ducts that release hormones into external environments
D. To provide structural support to endocrine glands
Answer: B
How do nonneural endocrine cells release their signals?
A. By exocytosis into extracellular fluid
B. By dumping hormones into capillaries, which then circulate through the bloodstream
C. By direct cell-to-cell contact with target cells
D. By releasing signals into synaptic clefts
Answer: B
What determines whether a target cell responds to a hormone released by nonneural endocrine cells?
A. The size of the hormone molecule
B. The presence of hormone receptor molecules on the target cell
C. The proximity of the target cell to the endocrine gland
D. The type of blood vessel transporting the hormone
Answer: B
Nonneural endocrine cells release hormones that can affect which of the following?
A. Only nearby cells
B. Distant tissues through circulation
C. Neurons exclusively
D. Cells within the same gland
Answer: B
Which of the following is an example of a tissue that can serve as a target for hormones released by nonneural endocrine cells?
A. Skin tissue
B. Liver tissue
C. Cartilage
D. Axons in the peripheral nervous system
Answer: B
How do nonneural endocrine cells differ from neural endocrine cells?
A. Nonneural endocrine cells release hormones into capillaries, while neural endocrine cells release signals through synaptic clefts.
B. Nonneural endocrine cells form part of the nervous system, while neural endocrine cells do not.
C. Nonneural endocrine cells regulate electrical signals, while neural endocrine cells regulate enzymatic processes.
D. Nonneural endocrine cells produce neurotransmitters, while neural endocrine cells do not.
Answer: A
Which of the following is true about both neural and nonneural endocrine cells?
A. Both release hormones into capillaries.
B. Both depend on receptor molecules on target cells for hormone action.
C. Both are part of the nervous system.
D. Both act locally rather than systemically.
Answer: B
Where is the cell body of neurosecretory cells located?
A. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
B. Central nervous system (CNS)
C. Circulatory system
D. Digestive system
Answer: B
What triggers the release of hormones from neurosecretory cells?
A. The presence of receptor molecules on target cells
B. Action potentials traveling along the neurosecretory cell
C. Hormone concentration in the bloodstream
D. Neural signals from target cells
Answer: B
What type of signal triggers hormone release in neurosecretory cells?
A. Hormonal signals from other endocrine cells
B. Action potentials in the CNS
C. Chemical signals from the circulatory system
D. Ion channel activation at the target site
Answer: B
Which of the following is true of both neurosecretory and nonneural endocrine cells?
A. Both release hormones in response to electrical signals.
B. Both rely on the presence of receptor molecules on target cells for hormone action.
C. Both are located in the central nervous system.
D. Both release neurotransmitters instead of hormones.
Answer: B
How do nonneural endocrine cells differ from neurosecretory cells in their interaction with the nervous system?
A. Nonneural endocrine cells directly interact with the nervous system, while neurosecretory cells do not.
B. Nonneural endocrine cells do not directly interact with the nervous system, whereas neurosecretory cells do.
C. Both types of cells interact directly with the nervous system.
D. Neither type of cell interacts directly with the nervous system.
Answer: B
What is a key characteristic of the nervous system?
A) Signals are slow and widespread.
B) Signals are fast and precisely targeted.
C) Hormones are used for communication.
D) Responses occur over a long time scale.
Answer: B) Signals are fast and precisely targeted.
Which statement about the nervous system is correct?
A) Neurons release hormones into the bloodstream.
B) Neurons target tissues broadly without specificity.
C) Neurons make direct contact with their target cells.
D) Nervous signals require minutes to produce an effect.
Answer: C) Neurons make direct contact with their target cells.
Why is the endocrine system considered slow compared to the nervous system?
A) It does not use hormones for signaling.
B) Hormones must be synthesized before release, causing delays.
C) It only acts on one tissue at a time.
D) It uses electrical signals for communication.
b
What is the main function of the nervous system?
A) Transporting oxygen to cells.
B) Conducting electrical and chemical signals for communication.
C) Breaking down nutrients for energy.
D) Regulating the flow of blood.
Answer: B) Conducting electrical and chemical signals for communication.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three functional divisions of the nervous system?
A) Sensory division
B) Integrating center
C) Motor division
D) Hormonal division
Answer: D) Hormonal division
What is the role of the sensory division in the nervous system?
A) To process and make decisions about incoming signals.
B) To carry electrical signals to effector organs.
C) To detect environmental stimuli and convert them into electrical signals.
D) To maintain homeostasis through chemical signaling.
Answer: C) To detect environmental stimuli and convert them into electrical signals.
What is the integrating center in the nervous system?
A) Sensory receptors
B) Central nervous system (CNS), such as the brain and ganglia
C) Effector organs like muscles and glands
D) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Answer: B) Central nervous system (CNS), such as the brain and ganglia
What is the function of effector organs in the nervous system?
A) To transmit sensory input to the CNS.
B) To produce an appropriate response, such as movement or secretion.
C) To integrate information from multiple sensory signals.
D) To create electrical signals for afferent neurons.
Answer: B) To produce an appropriate response, such as movement or secretion.
What is the main difference between the CNS and PNS?
A) The CNS is responsible for output, while the PNS processes inputs.
B) The CNS is made up of sensory receptors and effectors, while the PNS integrates signals.
C) The CNS is the integrating center, while the PNS includes sensory and effector organs.
D) The CNS generates electrical signals, while the PNS transmits them.
Answer: C) The CNS is the integrating center, while the PNS includes sensory and effector organs.
Which type of neuron carries signals from sensory receptors to the CNS?
A) Efferent neurons
B) Afferent neurons
C) Interneurons
D) Motor neurons
Answer: B) Afferent neurons
If you split a sponge into halves, what will you observe?
A) Identical mirror images
B) Two equal radial sections
C) No equal halves
D) Two identical lateral sections
Answer: C) No equal halves
What type of symmetry is associated with sponges?
A) Bilateral symmetry
B) Radial symmetry
C) Asymmetry
D) Both radial and bilateral symmetry
Answer: C) Asymmetry
What distinguishes bilateral symmetry from radial symmetry?
A) Bilateral symmetry involves equal halves along multiple planes.
B) Radial symmetry divides an organism into identical left and right halves.
C) Bilateral symmetry produces two identical halves along a single plane.
D) Radial symmetry does not involve any equal halves.
Answer: C) Bilateral symmetry produces two identical halves along a single plane.
Why is symmetry important in the evolution of the nervous system?
A) It determines the complexity of the nervous system.
B) It defines the direction of electrical signal flow.
C) Symmetrical organisms are more likely to develop a nervous system.
D) Asymmetrical organisms always lack a nervous system.
c
What is cephalization?
A) The loss of symmetry in an organism.
B) The differentiation of a head with neural tissue concentration.
C) The development of a nerve net.
D) The splitting of the body into radial planes.
Answer: B) The differentiation of a head with neural tissue concentration.
What type of symmetry is most commonly associated with cephalization?
A) Asymmetry
B) Radial symmetry
C) Bilateral symmetry
D) No symmetry
Answer: C) Bilateral symmetry
Which of the following is true about the relationship between a head and a nervous system?
A) A head is required for a nervous system to exist.
B) A head is always present in radially symmetrical organisms.
C) A head is usually associated with neural tissue but is not required for a nervous system.
D) A head is only present in asymmetrical organisms.
Answer: C) A head is usually associated with neural tissue but is not required for a nervous system.
What type of nervous system is found in jellyfish?
A) A central nervous system with a brain.
B) A ganglion system.
C) A nerve net of interconnected cells.
D) A spinal cord and nerve cord.
Answer: C) A nerve net of interconnected cells.
What is a ganglion?
A) A type of nerve net found in cnidarians.
B) A grouping of neuronal cell bodies interconnected by synapses.
C) A complex integrating center formed at the anterior end.
D) A neural structure only found in asymmetrical organisms.
Answer: B) A grouping of neuronal cell bodies interconnected by synapses.
What is a key feature of bilaterally symmetrical organisms?
A) They lack a central nervous system.
B) They typically have ganglia or brains for integration.
C) They only possess a nerve net.
D) They cannot respond to environmental stimuli.
Answer: B) They typically have ganglia or brains for integration.
How does the nervous system of a jellyfish differ from that of an earthworm?
A) A jellyfish has a brain, while an earthworm has a nerve net.
B) A jellyfish has a nerve net, while an earthworm has ganglia for integration.
C) A jellyfish has ganglia, while an earthworm has a spinal cord.
D) A jellyfish and an earthworm have identical nervous systems.
b
What is centralization in the nervous system?
A) Locating sensory organs at the anterior end of the body.
B) The presence of a nerve net without any central integrating center.
C) Developing central areas for integrating information.
D) Using radial nerves for movement and response.
Answer: C) Developing central areas for integrating information.
What is cephalization?
A) The distribution of ganglia throughout the body.
B) The presence of a nerve ring in radially symmetrical animals.
C) The location of sensory organs and integration systems at the anterior end of the body.
D) The use of a ventral nerve cord for movement.
Answer: C) The location of sensory organs and integration systems at the anterior end of the body.
Which nervous system structure is commonly associated with centralization?
A) Nerve ring
B) Nerve net
C) Ganglia
D) Radial nerve
c
What type of nervous system do cnidarians possess?
A) Central nervous system with a brain
B) A chain of ganglia connected by axons
C) A diffuse nervous tissue called a nerve net
D) A dorsal columnar nervous system
Answer: C) A diffuse nervous tissue called a nerve net
Which group of organisms typically has a ganglionic nervous system?
A) Vertebrates
B) Mollusks, annelids, and arthropods
C) Cnidarians
D) Echinoderms
Answer: B) Mollusks, annelids, and arthropods
What is a defining feature of a ganglionic nervous system?
A) It contains a dorsal nerve column.
B) It is continuous and not divided into ganglia or connectives.
C) It consists of a chain of central ganglia linked by bundles of axons.
D) It is responsible for bidirectional impulse transmission.
c
Which type of nervous system is found in vertebrates?
A) Ganglionic nervous system
B) Diffuse nervous system
C) Columnar nervous system
D) Nerve net
c
What is a key difference between the columnar and ganglionic nervous systems?
A) The columnar nervous system is found in radially symmetrical animals.
B) The ganglionic system is not connected by axons and bundles.
C) The columnar nervous system is continuous, while the ganglionic system is segmented.
D) The ganglionic system transmits impulses bidirectionally, while the columnar system does not.
Answer: C) The columnar nervous system is continuous, while the ganglionic system is segmented.
What are the key components of a ganglionic nervous system?
A) A dorsal brain and radial nerves
B) A diffuse nerve net and ganglia
C) An anterior brain and a ventral nerve cord
D) A continuous spinal column and cranial nerves
Correct Answer: C) An anterior brain and a ventral nerve cord
What is the correct terminology for a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
A) Tract
B) Connective
C) Ganglion
D) Nerve
Correct Answer: D) Nerve
Which of the following statements correctly describes the ganglionic nervous system in a cockroach?
A) The nervous system consists of a dorsal nerve cord and diffuse nerve net.
B) The anterior brain connects to a dorsal spinal column.
C) The anterior brain connects to a ventral nerve cord, which consists of solid chains of ganglia joined by connectives.
D) The ventral nerve cord consists of a continuous column of neural tissue.
Correct Answer: C) The anterior brain connects to a ventral nerve cord, which consists of solid chains of ganglia joined by connectives.
What is the correct terminology for a bundle of axons in the central nervous system (CNS)?
A) Tract or Connective
B) Nerve
C) Ganglion
D) Synapse
Correct Answer: A) Tract or Connective
What is the primary difference between a ganglionic and columnar nervous system?
A) A ganglionic nervous system has a dorsal, continuous spinal cord, while a columnar nervous system has segmented ganglia connected by connectives.
B) A ganglionic nervous system consists of chains of ganglia connected by connectives, while a columnar nervous system has a dorsal, continuous column of neural tissue (spinal cord).
C) A ganglionic nervous system is found in vertebrates, while a columnar nervous system is found in invertebrates.
D) A ganglionic nervous system has a hollow neural column, while a columnar nervous system has a solid ventral nerve cord.
Correct Answer:
B) A ganglionic nervous system consists of chains of ganglia connected by connectives, while a columnar nervous system has a dorsal, continuous column of neural tissue (spinal cord).
What are the main components of a columnar nervous system?
A) A chain of ganglia and a ventral nerve cord
B) A nerve net and bidirectional impulse transmission
C) A continuous column of neural tissue (spinal cord) and an anterior brain
D) Segmented nerves and a radial nerve system
Correct Answer:
C) A continuous column of neural tissue (spinal cord) and an anterior brain
What are the characteristics of the continuous column of neural tissue (spinal cord) in a columnar nervous system?
A) It is ventral, solid, and contains ganglia.
B) It has a dorsal, hollow structure where cell bodies and synaptic areas intermingle, and it is the oldest part of the CNS.
C) It is diffuse, bidirectional, and found only in invertebrates.
D) It is segmented into ganglia and connected by connectives.
Correct Answer:
B) It has a dorsal, hollow structure where cell bodies and synaptic areas intermingle, and it is the oldest part of the CNS.
What is the primary function of the midbrain in vertebrates?
A) Regulating emotions and memory
B) Processing visual, touch, and auditory information
C) Maintaining homeostasis
D) Controlling motor coordination
Answer: B) Processing visual, touch, and auditory information
Which region of the vertebrate brain is responsible for controlling basic physiological functions such as breathing, heart rate, and motor coordination?
A) Forebrain
B) Hindbrain
C) Midbrain
D) Cerebrum
B) hindbrain
Which brain region is associated with emotions, learning, memory, homeostasis, and integrating sensory information?
A) Midbrain
B) Hindbrain
C) Forebrain
D) Spinal cord
c) forebrain
What is the general function of the forebrain in vertebrates?
A) Motor coordination and reflexes
B) Basic physiological processes like breathing and heart rate
C) Emotions, memory, and sensory integration
D) Visual and auditory processing
c
Why do birds and bony fishes have a large midbrain and cerebellum, and why is the midbrain reduced in mammals?
Birds and bony fishes have a large midbrain and cerebellum because they navigate a three-dimensional world, requiring enhanced area information processing and coordination. In mammals, the midbrain is reduced because the forebrain has taken over much of its role in visual processing.
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
A) Activates “fight or flight” responses
B) Promotes “rest and digest” and restores body condition
C) Enhances energy reserves for physical exertion
D) Increases alertness during stressful situations
Answer: B) Promotes “rest and digest” and restores body condition
What is a key difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions?
A) The parasympathetic division promotes energy mobilization, while the sympathetic division conserves energy.
B) The sympathetic division is active during relaxation, while the parasympathetic division is active during stress.
C) The parasympathetic division promotes rest and restoration, while the sympathetic division activates during stress or fear.
D) Both divisions are active simultaneously with identical effects.
Answer: C) The parasympathetic division promotes rest and restoration, while the sympathetic division activates during stress or fear.
Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is true?
A) Both divisions have the same effects on the body.
B) The parasympathetic division enhances functions needed during stress.
C) Divisions are based on anatomy and neurotransmitters.
D) The sympathetic division slows down heart rate during rest.
Answer: C) Divisions are based on anatomy and neurotransmitters
What is a key characteristic of the somatic nervous system?
A) It uses a two-neuron relay with ganglia.
B) It directly innervates skeletal muscles with a single long axon.
C) It synapses close to the target tissue.
D) It involves preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
Answer: B) It directly innervates skeletal muscles with a single long axon.
How does the parasympathetic nervous system differ from the sympathetic nervous system in terms of neuron length?
A) The parasympathetic system has a short preganglionic neuron and a long postganglionic neuron.
B) The parasympathetic system has a long preganglionic neuron and a short postganglionic neuron.
C) Both systems have neurons of the same length.
D) The parasympathetic system has a long postganglionic neuron and no ganglia.
Answer: B) The parasympathetic system has a long preganglionic neuron and a short postganglionic neuron.
Which of the following best describes the sympathetic nervous system’s neuron arrangement?
A) A single long axon innervating the target tissue.
B) A long preganglionic neuron and a short postganglionic neuron.
C) A short preganglionic neuron and a long postganglionic neuron.
D) Both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of equal length.
C)
In the parasympathetic division, where do neurons exit?
A) Thoracic and lumbar nerves
B) Cranial and sacral nerves
C) Sympathetic chain ganglia
D) Cervical and thoracic nerves
b
What is the characteristic structure of the neurons in the parasympathetic division?
A) Short preganglionic neurons and long postganglionic neurons
B) Long preganglionic neurons and short postganglionic neurons
C) Both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of equal length
D) A single long neuron with no synapse
b
In the sympathetic division, where do neurons exit?
A) Cranial and sacral nerves
B) Thoracic and lumbar nerves
C) Sympathetic chain ganglia
D) Spinal cord only
b
What is the typical arrangement of neurons in the sympathetic division?
A) Long preganglionic neurons and short postganglionic neurons
B) Short preganglionic neurons and long postganglionic neurons
C) A single neuron that bypasses ganglia
D) Equal-length preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
Answer: B) Short preganglionic neurons and long postganglionic neurons
What neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division?
A) Norepinephrine
B) Dopamine
C) Acetylcholine
D) Serotonin
C) Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
C) Serotonin
D) Dopamine
b
How do the postganglionic neurons differ between the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions?
A) Both release acetylcholine.
B) Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, while sympathetic postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine.
C) Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, while parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine.
D) Both release norepinephrine.
Answer: B) Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, while sympathetic postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine.
