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Gait and motor > Lecture 1 Motor control > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Motor control Flashcards

1
Q

Motor control

A

ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

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2
Q

the movement we produce is the result of 3 things

A

our capabilities – the individual
what we are trying to do – the task
where/how we are trying to do it – the context or environment

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3
Q

What’s the difference between voluntary and reflex movement?

A

Premotor area (PMA) and suppl. motor area (SMA) devise movement plan

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4
Q

What’s the difference between upper motor neurons (UMN)and lower motor neurons (LMNS)?

A

upper motor neurons are responsible for motor movement, whereas lower motor neurons prevent excessive muscle movement. Upper motor disorders usually cause spasticity; lower motor disorders usually cause flaccidity.

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5
Q

medial motor tracts

A

synapse with MNs that innervate postural and girdle muscles

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6
Q

lateral motor tracts

A

synapse with MNs that innervate muscles used for fractionated movement and innervate wrist and finger extensors

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7
Q

Information processing of human motor behavior occurs in stages

A

Stage 1 = stimulus identification
Stage 2 = response selection
Stage 3 = response programming

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8
Q

Stage 1 = stimulus identification

A

relevant stimuli about current body state, movement, and environment, are identified and selected – occurs via somatosensory, visual, and vestibularsystems

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9
Q

Stage 1 = stimulus identification cognitive processes

A

memory, attention, motivation, and emotional control, all play an integral role in ensuring the ease and accuracy of information processing during this stage

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10
Q

stimulus pattern complexity

A

complicated and novel patterns of stimuli prolong stimulus identification

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11
Q

Stage 2 = response selection

A

motor plan= an idea or plan for purposeful movement and is made up of component motor programs

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12
Q

ease and speed of response selection depends on

A

Number of possible responses – movement alternatives
Link or compatibility between the stimulus and response green light and crossing the street vs someone signaling you to cross on a red light

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13
Q

Stage 3 = response programming

A

neural control centers translate the idea for movement into muscular actions defined by a motor program

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14
Q

Motor program

A

an abstract representation that, when initiated, results in the production of a coordinated movement sequence

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15
Q

movement parameters are specified by the constraints of the

A

individual, the task, and the environment

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16
Q

Feedforward control

A

send signals in advance of movement
to prepare part of the system for incoming sensory feedback or a future motor command – anticipatory adjustments in postural activity

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17
Q

Feedback control

A

response-produced sensory information received during or after the movement
Used to monitor movement output for corrective action – reactive adjustments

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18
Q

what systems in the individual are responsible for controlling movement/motor control?

A

motor/action
sensory/perceptual
cognitive

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19
Q

Motor/Actions Systems

A

includes neuromuscular and biomechanical systems

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20
Q

degrees of freedom problem

A

Problem of choosing among equivalent solutions then coordinating the multiple joints

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21
Q

Sensory/Perceptual Systems

A

transformation of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information
Provide information about:
state of the body – e.g. location of body parts
state of the environment – features critical to regulation of mvmnt

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22
Q

Cognitive Systems

A

Inc attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control needed for establishing intent or setting goals

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23
Q

Open movement tasks

A

require adapting movement strategies to constantly changing and unpredictable environments
requires a constant monitoring of sensory inputs, which are used to update, modify, and regulate motor output.

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24
Q

Closed movement tasks

A

performed in relatively fixed or predictable environments

less dependent on constant monitoring of sensory inputs related to environmental change

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25
Discrete movements
have a recognizable beginning and end
26
Discrete examples
throwing and kicking a ball, a shot put, discus or javelin throw, or a somersault
27
continuous movements
have no distinct, identifiable bringing or end
28
continuous examples
swimming, jogging, skipping and walking.
29
closed movements
Performed in fixed or predictable environments
30
closed examples
doing dishes, squat, pushup
31
open movements
adapt movement strategies to a constantly changing and unpredictable environment
32
open examples
playing sports, running
33
Stability movements
performed in a nonmoving BOS
34
stability examples
sitting or standing
35
Mobility movements
moving BOS
36
mobility examples
walking or running
37
Environmental Constraints on Movement Control
CNS has to account for attributes of the environment when planning task-specific movements.
38
parts of environment CNS has to account for when planning movements:
regulatory and non regulatory features
39
regulatory features
shape movement or determine the movement size, shape, weight of object s type of surface to be walked on
40
non regulatory features
may affect performance, but movement does not have to conform to these background noise, distractions, lighting level
41
Reflex Theory
Believed complex behavior could be explained by the combined action of individual reflexes chained together Structure of a reflex: receptor, conductor, effector
42
limitations in reflex theory
does not explain spontaneous and voluntary movements does not a explain and predict movement that occurs in the absence of a sensory stimulus does not explain fast movements fails to explain how a single stimulus can result in different responses depending on context and descending commands does not explain the ability to produce novel movements
43
Reflex Theory | Clinical Implications
if reflexes are the basis for functional movement, testing reflexes should allow therapists to predict function pts’ movement behaviors will be interpreted in terms of presence or absence of controlling reflexes treatment will be basically aimed at enhancing or reducing effect of reflexes during motor tasks/movement
44
Hierarchical Theory
Nervous system is organized as a hierarchy - control is from top down; each successively higher level exerts control over level below it
45
Hierarchical Theory | Limitations
cannot explain dominance of reflex behavior in certain situations in normal adults Can’t assume all bottom up control is bad or maladaptive and all top down control is good and adaptive
46
Hierarchical Theory | Clinical Implications
used to explain disordered motor control in patients with neurologic disorders many of the traditional therapeutic techniques have been built on the hierarchical model of motor control
47
Motor Programming Theories
Have begun to see the CNS as more of an active system and less of a reactive system can remove the stimulus or afferent input and still have a patterned motor response – not a reflex
48
motor program from
not reflexes that drive movements but central pattern generators (CPGs) – motor programs in the spinal cord that are modified or modulated by input from the brain and sensory inputs
49
motor program to
a more abstract idea of a central motor program – hierarchically organized motor programs at higher levels of the CNS that store rules for generating movements
50
Motor Programming Theories | Limitations
a single central motor program doesn’t explain all types of movements doesn’t account for fact that CNS has to account for musculoskeletal and environmental variables when controlling movements
51
System Theories
saw the whole body as a mechanical system, with mass, and subject to external forces such as gravity and internal forces such as both inertial and movement-dependent forces
52
the interaction between external forces and variations in the initial conditions implies
the same central command could result in very different movements and - different commands could result in the same movement
53
System theory example
the central command to flex an elbow results in different movements depending on initial conditions – does the movement start with the elbow bent or straight, the muscle fatigued or not etc
54
Systems Theory | hypothesized
that hierarchical control exists to simplify the control of the body’s multiple degrees of freedom
55
Systems theory hierarchy
higher levels of the nervous system activate lower levels lower levels activate synergies, or groups of muscles that are constrained to act together as a unit when the demands of a task increase, the control signal to the synergy increases, leading to parallel increases in the activation in all muscles in the synergy.
56
Principle of abundance
synergies not used by nervous system to eliminate redundant degrees of freedom, but to ensure flexible and stable performance of motor tasks
57
total activation of a muscle depends on
both the simultaneous activation of multiple synergies containing that muscle and the relative contribution of that muscle within each of these synergies
58
Modern expanded version of system theory = dynamic systems theory
when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way
59
Nonlinear system
output is not proportional to its input
60
nonlinear behavior
transforms into a new configuration when a single parameter of that behavior is gradually altered and reaches a critical value
61
variability
is considered to be the consequence of errors in motor performance, assumption is that as performance improves during skill acquisition, error—and consequently variability—decreases
62
Optimal variability provides for
flexible, adaptive strategies, allowing adjustment to environmental change
63
too little variability can lead to
injury - repetitive strain problems
64
too much variability leads to
impaired movement performance, as occurs in persons with ataxia
65
a small amount of variability indicates
highly stable behavior
66
Attractor states
highly stable, preferred patterns of movement – used to accomplish common activities - preferred walking speed
67
Systems Theory | limitations
Have to be careful not to presume the nervous system is less important in determining movement behavior Can be difficult to apply this mathematical, mechanistic model to clinical practice
68
Ecological Theory
the ecological approach to motor control suggests that motor control evolved so that animals could cope with the environment around them, moving in it effectively in order to find food, run away from predators, build shelter, and even play
69
Ecological Theory | Limitations
Research emphasis shifted from nervous system to organism/environment interface
70
Ecological Theory | Clinical Implications
individual is viewed as an active explorer of environment - allows the individual to develop multiple ways to accomplish a task adaptability is important not only in the way we organize movements to accomplish a task but also in the way we use perception

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