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Gait and motor > Lecture 1 Motor control > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Motor control Flashcards

1
Q

Motor control

A

ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

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2
Q

the movement we produce is the result of 3 things

A

our capabilities – the individual
what we are trying to do – the task
where/how we are trying to do it – the context or environment

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3
Q

What’s the difference between voluntary and reflex movement?

A

Premotor area (PMA) and suppl. motor area (SMA) devise movement plan

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4
Q

What’s the difference between upper motor neurons (UMN)and lower motor neurons (LMNS)?

A

upper motor neurons are responsible for motor movement, whereas lower motor neurons prevent excessive muscle movement. Upper motor disorders usually cause spasticity; lower motor disorders usually cause flaccidity.

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5
Q

medial motor tracts

A

synapse with MNs that innervate postural and girdle muscles

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6
Q

lateral motor tracts

A

synapse with MNs that innervate muscles used for fractionated movement and innervate wrist and finger extensors

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7
Q

Information processing of human motor behavior occurs in stages

A

Stage 1 = stimulus identification
Stage 2 = response selection
Stage 3 = response programming

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8
Q

Stage 1 = stimulus identification

A

relevant stimuli about current body state, movement, and environment, are identified and selected – occurs via somatosensory, visual, and vestibularsystems

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9
Q

Stage 1 = stimulus identification cognitive processes

A

memory, attention, motivation, and emotional control, all play an integral role in ensuring the ease and accuracy of information processing during this stage

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10
Q

stimulus pattern complexity

A

complicated and novel patterns of stimuli prolong stimulus identification

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11
Q

Stage 2 = response selection

A

motor plan= an idea or plan for purposeful movement and is made up of component motor programs

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12
Q

ease and speed of response selection depends on

A

Number of possible responses – movement alternatives
Link or compatibility between the stimulus and response green light and crossing the street vs someone signaling you to cross on a red light

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13
Q

Stage 3 = response programming

A

neural control centers translate the idea for movement into muscular actions defined by a motor program

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14
Q

Motor program

A

an abstract representation that, when initiated, results in the production of a coordinated movement sequence

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15
Q

movement parameters are specified by the constraints of the

A

individual, the task, and the environment

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16
Q

Feedforward control

A

send signals in advance of movement
to prepare part of the system for incoming sensory feedback or a future motor command – anticipatory adjustments in postural activity

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17
Q

Feedback control

A

response-produced sensory information received during or after the movement
Used to monitor movement output for corrective action – reactive adjustments

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18
Q

what systems in the individual are responsible for controlling movement/motor control?

A

motor/action
sensory/perceptual
cognitive

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19
Q

Motor/Actions Systems

A

includes neuromuscular and biomechanical systems

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20
Q

degrees of freedom problem

A

Problem of choosing among equivalent solutions then coordinating the multiple joints

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21
Q

Sensory/Perceptual Systems

A

transformation of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information
Provide information about:
state of the body – e.g. location of body parts
state of the environment – features critical to regulation of mvmnt

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22
Q

Cognitive Systems

A

Inc attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control needed for establishing intent or setting goals

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23
Q

Open movement tasks

A

require adapting movement strategies to constantly changing and unpredictable environments
requires a constant monitoring of sensory inputs, which are used to update, modify, and regulate motor output.

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24
Q

Closed movement tasks

A

performed in relatively fixed or predictable environments

less dependent on constant monitoring of sensory inputs related to environmental change

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25
Q

Discrete movements

A

have a recognizable beginning and end

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26
Q

Discrete examples

A

throwing and kicking a ball, a shot put, discus or javelin throw, or a somersault

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27
Q

continuous movements

A

have no distinct, identifiable bringing or end

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28
Q

continuous examples

A

swimming, jogging, skipping and walking.

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29
Q

closed movements

A

Performed in fixed or predictable environments

30
Q

closed examples

A

doing dishes, squat, pushup

31
Q

open movements

A

adapt movement strategies to a constantly changing and unpredictable environment

32
Q

open examples

A

playing sports, running

33
Q

Stability movements

A

performed in a nonmoving BOS

34
Q

stability examples

A

sitting or standing

35
Q

Mobility movements

A

moving BOS

36
Q

mobility examples

A

walking or running

37
Q

Environmental Constraints on Movement Control

A

CNS has to account for attributes of the environment when planning task-specific movements.

38
Q

parts of environment CNS has to account for when planning movements:

A

regulatory and non regulatory features

39
Q

regulatory features

A

shape movement or determine the movement
size, shape, weight of object s
type of surface to be walked on

40
Q

non regulatory features

A

may affect performance, but movement does not have to conform to these
background noise, distractions, lighting level

41
Q

Reflex Theory

A

Believed complex behavior could be explained by the combined action of individual reflexes chained together
Structure of a reflex: receptor, conductor, effector

42
Q

limitations in reflex theory

A

does not explain spontaneous and voluntary movements

does not a explain and predict movement that occurs in the absence of a sensory stimulus

does not explain fast movements

fails to explain how a single stimulus can result in different responses depending on context and descending commands

does not explain the ability to produce novel movements

43
Q

Reflex Theory

Clinical Implications

A

if reflexes are the basis for functional movement, testing reflexes should allow therapists to predict function
pts’ movement behaviors will be interpreted in terms of presence or absence of controlling reflexes
treatment will be basically aimed at enhancing or reducing effect of reflexes during motor tasks/movement

44
Q

Hierarchical Theory

A

Nervous system is organized as a hierarchy - control is from top down; each successively higher level exerts control over level below it

45
Q

Hierarchical Theory

Limitations

A

cannot explain dominance of reflex behavior in certain situations in normal adults
Can’t assume all bottom up control is bad or maladaptive and all top down control is good and adaptive

46
Q

Hierarchical Theory

Clinical Implications

A

used to explain disordered motor control in patients with neurologic disorders
many of the traditional therapeutic techniques have been built on the hierarchical model of motor control

47
Q

Motor Programming Theories

A

Have begun to see the CNS as more of an active system and less of a reactive system
can remove the stimulus or afferent input and still have a patterned motor response – not a reflex

48
Q

motor program from

A

not reflexes that drive movements but central pattern generators (CPGs) – motor programs in the spinal cord that are modified or modulated by input from the brain and sensory inputs

49
Q

motor program to

A

a more abstract idea of a central motor program – hierarchically organized motor programs at higher levels of the CNS that store rules for generating movements

50
Q

Motor Programming Theories

Limitations

A

a single central motor program doesn’t explain all types of movements
doesn’t account for fact that CNS has to account for musculoskeletal and environmental variables when controlling movements

51
Q

System Theories

A

saw the whole body as a mechanical system, with mass, and subject to external forces such as gravity and internal forces such as both inertial and movement-dependent forces

52
Q

the interaction between external forces and variations in the initial conditions implies

A

the same central command could result in very different movements and -
different commands could result in the same movement

53
Q

System theory example

A

the central command to flex an elbow results in different movements depending on initial conditions – does the movement start with the elbow bent or straight, the muscle fatigued or not etc

54
Q

Systems Theory

hypothesized

A

that hierarchical control exists to simplify the control of the body’s multiple degrees of freedom

55
Q

Systems theory hierarchy

A

higher levels of the nervous system activate lower levels
lower levels activate synergies, or groups of muscles that are constrained to act together as a unit
when the demands of a task increase, the control signal to the synergy increases, leading to parallel increases in the activation in all muscles in the synergy.

56
Q

Principle of abundance

A

synergies not used by nervous system to eliminate redundant degrees of freedom, but to ensure flexible and stable performance of motor tasks

57
Q

total activation of a muscle depends on

A

both the simultaneous activation of multiple synergies containing that muscle and the relative contribution of that muscle within each of these synergies

58
Q

Modern expanded version of system theory = dynamic systems theory

A

when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way

59
Q

Nonlinear system

A

output is not proportional to its input

60
Q

nonlinear behavior

A

transforms into a new configuration when a single parameter of that behavior is gradually altered and reaches a critical value

61
Q

variability

A

is considered to be the consequence of errors in motor performance, assumption is that as performance improves during skill acquisition, error—and consequently variability—decreases

62
Q

Optimal variability provides for

A

flexible, adaptive strategies, allowing adjustment to environmental change

63
Q

too little variability can lead to

A

injury - repetitive strain problems

64
Q

too much variability leads to

A

impaired movement performance, as occurs in persons with ataxia

65
Q

a small amount of variability indicates

A

highly stable behavior

66
Q

Attractor states

A

highly stable, preferred patterns of movement – used to accomplish common activities - preferred walking speed

67
Q

Systems Theory

limitations

A

Have to be careful not to presume the nervous system is less important in determining movement behavior
Can be difficult to apply this mathematical, mechanistic model to clinical practice

68
Q

Ecological Theory

A

the ecological approach to motor control suggests that motor control evolved so that animals could cope with the environment around them, moving in it effectively in order to find food, run away from predators, build shelter, and even play

69
Q

Ecological Theory

Limitations

A

Research emphasis shifted from nervous system to organism/environment interface

70
Q

Ecological Theory

Clinical Implications

A

individual is viewed as an active explorer of environment - allows the individual to develop multiple ways to accomplish a task
adaptability is important not only in the way we organize movements to accomplish a task but also in the way we use perception

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