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Molec. & Cell Bio > Lecture 1: Molec Foundations > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Molec Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Wha are the three unidentified cell theories?

A

1 - cells are the most basic unit of life
2- all living things are made from cells
3 - new cells are made from existing cells

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2
Q

What are some properties of life that cells display?

A

1 - order molecule reactions
2- energy processing
3- response to stimuli and resistant to environment
4- reproduction, growth and development
5- regulation of metabolism and material transfer
6 - adaption and evolution

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3
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules

A

1 - carbohydrates
2- lipids
3- proteins
4- nuclei acids

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4
Q

What is the monomers for all four macromolecules

A

1 - carbs - monosaccharide
2 - lipids - fatty acid + glycerol
3 - proteins - amino acids
4 - nucleic acids - nucleotides

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5
Q

What are the polymers from the macromolecules

A

1 - proteins - polypeptide
2 - carbs - disaccharide/polysaccharide
3 - lipids - triglycerol/ phospholipid
4 - nucleic acid - oligonucleotides/ polynucleotide

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6
Q

What are the bonds for all four macromolecules

A

1 - carbs - glycocydic
2 - lipids - ester
3 - proteins - peptide
4 - nucleic acids - phosphodiester

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7
Q

What are the roles of carbs

A

Decorate proteins to create signals, or the sugar can be the signal in itself

  • Sugars (Carbs) —> ATP —-> energy
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8
Q

Nucleotides function

A

1 - Make DNA/ RNA
2 - providing energy (ATP and GTP)
3 - regulating cellular function (GTP)

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9
Q

What is GTP

A

The “regulatory” nucleotide

  • controls when energy is released
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10
Q

What does the G protein do in GTP

A

They cut then GTP to release the phosphate which will create or release energy

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11
Q

What do GAPs do

A

The G protein will cut the phosphate from GTP thereby inactivating the enzyme
- there is a “GAP” with the phosphate missing

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12
Q

What do GEFs do?

A

GEFs regenerate G proteins by replacing the GDP with GTP

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13
Q

GTP is known as the regulatory enzyme, but we know that it is really ______________ working behind the scenes

A

GEF and GAP

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14
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model and the components

A

Cell membranes made from several different structures that allow for their flexible nature

  • lipids
    -proteins
    -carbohydrates
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15
Q

What is the base component of the fluid mosaic model

A

Lipid bilateral

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16
Q

Where are carbohydrates found on the FMM

A

Decorating the lipids and proteins NOT in the cytosine

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17
Q

Integral membrane vs peripheral membrane

A

Integral - is a protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer

Peripheral - is a proteins hat only goes half way through the membrane

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18
Q

The 4 structures of proteins include

A

1 - primary : chain of amino acids
2 - secondary : the chains are connected by H bonds
3 - tertiary : (motifs) the chains made in the secondary step begin to fold
4 - quaternary : interaction of multiple peptides

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19
Q

What is the main function of proteins

A

To do work

20
Q

What are two regulatory principles that effect the next step if the process?

A
  • Activators : promote reaction
  • inhibitors : stop reaction
21
Q

What are two regulatory principles that determine which process is influenced?

A
  • Substrate level control : acts on single step in pathway
  • Feedback control : targets different steps in the pathway
22
Q

What are some strategies to regulate protein function?

A
  • On/ Off fashion : Availability
    - synthesis (built up) degrading (breakdown)
    - all pieces in the proper location
  • Volume dial : Activity
    - adding or subtracting pieces
    - extra molecules required
    - similar but different proteins
23
Q

What is an option for availability option when regulating a protein?

A

Gene expression: which is a multi step process that occurs in a certain part of a cells life

24
Q

What is compartmentalization?

A

When chemical reactions only occur in certain compartments of the cell

25
Q

What is a signaling molecule

A

A substrate to ligand that interacts with a proteins to allow it to complete work. A ligand or substrate is not released unless it has an external cue

26
Q

Covalent modifications is an example of enzyme regulation, what are the two ways covalent modifications occur

A

1 - reversible: this is when a negative or positive function group acts to wither activate or inactivate the enzyme

2 - irreversible: is when a protein can turn in to increase activity
- many important enzymes or proteins need to be cut apart in order to be full activated

27
Q

What are some common addition of functional groups to activate/ inactivate an enzyme?

A

The 4 macromolecules, but the most common is phosphates

28
Q

How can a phosphate be added/ removed to activate/ inactivate an enzyme?

A

Kinases: add phosphate to activate
Photophatases: removes a phosphate to inhibit it

29
Q

There are two types of allostery, what are they and the functions?

A

Allostery is the biding to of a ligand to a protein

Heteroallostery

Homoallostery

30
Q

What is heteroallostery?

A

is when an activator or inhibitor alters substrate binding

The active site is where the chemical reaction takes place

The allostery site is a different location int eh enzyme where an effector binds

31
Q

What is homoallostery?

A

Each substrate binding alters the next binding site on the neighbor

  • Positive: the next substrate has an easier time binging
  • negative: the next substrate has a more difficult time binding
32
Q

Why are cofactors/ coenzymes part of regulation for an enzyme?

A

Some enzymes need a little help to be complete/ active

  • cofactors: metal ions
  • coenzyme : vitamins and other macromolecules derivatives
33
Q

Why does the quaternary structure vary based on the available isozymes (isosomes)

A

They catalyze the same reaction but at different frequencies

34
Q

Carbohydrates : Location, Role, and Apperance?

A

1 - decorating the lipids and proteins
2 - molecule identification and protection
3 - rigid. Slimy

35
Q

Lipid: Location, Role, Appearance?

A

1 - membranes
2 - semi permeable membrane
3 - oily and waxy

36
Q

Protein: Location, Role, Appearance?

A

1 - everywhere
2 - do work
3 - fibers

37
Q

Nucleic acid: Location, Role, Apperance?

A

1 - nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, cytosol
2 - genetic material, energy, regulation
3 - snotty

38
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

DNA, RNA synthesized here
Ribosomes are assembled

39
Q

What happend in tehe cytoplasm?

A

Metabolism

40
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A

Digestion in low pH

41
Q

Peroxisome function

A

Oxidation

42
Q

It’s a theory, but how is it believed endosymbiosis occurs?

A

Due to eating prey
Merging

43
Q

Not all cells in eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles. what are they and what happens to them?

A

Bimolecular Condensates (Liquids): nucleolus and granules

Macro molecular machines (solids): cytoskeleton, ribosome, extra cellular matrix , and all proteins and their complexes

44
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Making ribosome subunits

45
Q

What is the function for the ECM

A

Cell shape and signal transmission

Molec. & Cell Bio (6 decks)

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