Lecture 1: Molec Foundations Flashcards
Wha are the three unidentified cell theories?
1 - cells are the most basic unit of life
2- all living things are made from cells
3 - new cells are made from existing cells
What are some properties of life that cells display?
1 - order molecule reactions
2- energy processing
3- response to stimuli and resistant to environment
4- reproduction, growth and development
5- regulation of metabolism and material transfer
6 - adaption and evolution
What are the 4 macromolecules
1 - carbohydrates
2- lipids
3- proteins
4- nuclei acids
What is the monomers for all four macromolecules
1 - carbs - monosaccharide
2 - lipids - fatty acid + glycerol
3 - proteins - amino acids
4 - nucleic acids - nucleotides
What are the polymers from the macromolecules
1 - proteins - polypeptide
2 - carbs - disaccharide/polysaccharide
3 - lipids - triglycerol/ phospholipid
4 - nucleic acid - oligonucleotides/ polynucleotide
What are the bonds for all four macromolecules
1 - carbs - glycocydic
2 - lipids - ester
3 - proteins - peptide
4 - nucleic acids - phosphodiester
What are the roles of carbs
Decorate proteins to create signals, or the sugar can be the signal in itself
- Sugars (Carbs) —> ATP —-> energy
Nucleotides function
1 - Make DNA/ RNA
2 - providing energy (ATP and GTP)
3 - regulating cellular function (GTP)
What is GTP
The “regulatory” nucleotide
- controls when energy is released
What does the G protein do in GTP
They cut then GTP to release the phosphate which will create or release energy
What do GAPs do
The G protein will cut the phosphate from GTP thereby inactivating the enzyme
- there is a “GAP” with the phosphate missing
What do GEFs do?
GEFs regenerate G proteins by replacing the GDP with GTP
GTP is known as the regulatory enzyme, but we know that it is really ______________ working behind the scenes
GEF and GAP
What is the fluid mosaic model and the components
Cell membranes made from several different structures that allow for their flexible nature
- lipids
-proteins
-carbohydrates
What is the base component of the fluid mosaic model
Lipid bilateral
Where are carbohydrates found on the FMM
Decorating the lipids and proteins NOT in the cytosine
Integral membrane vs peripheral membrane
Integral - is a protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer
Peripheral - is a proteins hat only goes half way through the membrane
The 4 structures of proteins include
1 - primary : chain of amino acids
2 - secondary : the chains are connected by H bonds
3 - tertiary : (motifs) the chains made in the secondary step begin to fold
4 - quaternary : interaction of multiple peptides
What is the main function of proteins
To do work
What are two regulatory principles that effect the next step if the process?
- Activators : promote reaction
- inhibitors : stop reaction
What are two regulatory principles that determine which process is influenced?
- Substrate level control : acts on single step in pathway
- Feedback control : targets different steps in the pathway
What are some strategies to regulate protein function?
- On/ Off fashion : Availability
- synthesis (built up) degrading (breakdown)
- all pieces in the proper location - Volume dial : Activity
- adding or subtracting pieces
- extra molecules required
- similar but different proteins
What is an option for availability option when regulating a protein?
Gene expression: which is a multi step process that occurs in a certain part of a cells life
What is compartmentalization?
When chemical reactions only occur in certain compartments of the cell
What is a signaling molecule
A substrate to ligand that interacts with a proteins to allow it to complete work. A ligand or substrate is not released unless it has an external cue
Covalent modifications is an example of enzyme regulation, what are the two ways covalent modifications occur
1 - reversible: this is when a negative or positive function group acts to wither activate or inactivate the enzyme
2 - irreversible: is when a protein can turn in to increase activity
- many important enzymes or proteins need to be cut apart in order to be full activated
What are some common addition of functional groups to activate/ inactivate an enzyme?
The 4 macromolecules, but the most common is phosphates
How can a phosphate be added/ removed to activate/ inactivate an enzyme?
Kinases: add phosphate to activate
Photophatases: removes a phosphate to inhibit it
There are two types of allostery, what are they and the functions?
Allostery is the biding to of a ligand to a protein
Heteroallostery
Homoallostery
What is heteroallostery?
is when an activator or inhibitor alters substrate binding
The active site is where the chemical reaction takes place
The allostery site is a different location int eh enzyme where an effector binds
What is homoallostery?
Each substrate binding alters the next binding site on the neighbor
- Positive: the next substrate has an easier time binging
- negative: the next substrate has a more difficult time binding
Why are cofactors/ coenzymes part of regulation for an enzyme?
Some enzymes need a little help to be complete/ active
- cofactors: metal ions
- coenzyme : vitamins and other macromolecules derivatives
Why does the quaternary structure vary based on the available isozymes (isosomes)
They catalyze the same reaction but at different frequencies
Carbohydrates : Location, Role, and Apperance?
1 - decorating the lipids and proteins
2 - molecule identification and protection
3 - rigid. Slimy
Lipid: Location, Role, Appearance?
1 - membranes
2 - semi permeable membrane
3 - oily and waxy
Protein: Location, Role, Appearance?
1 - everywhere
2 - do work
3 - fibers
Nucleic acid: Location, Role, Apperance?
1 - nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, cytosol
2 - genetic material, energy, regulation
3 - snotty
What is the function of the nucleus?
DNA, RNA synthesized here
Ribosomes are assembled
What happend in tehe cytoplasm?
Metabolism
What is the function of lysosomes
Digestion in low pH
Peroxisome function
Oxidation
It’s a theory, but how is it believed endosymbiosis occurs?
Due to eating prey
Merging
Not all cells in eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles. what are they and what happens to them?
Bimolecular Condensates (Liquids): nucleolus and granules
Macro molecular machines (solids): cytoskeleton, ribosome, extra cellular matrix , and all proteins and their complexes
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Making ribosome subunits
What is the function for the ECM
Cell shape and signal transmission
