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Death and the Afterlife > Lecture 1/Midterm > Flashcards

Lecture 1/Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Memento mori

A

the remembering of death

The consciousness of death in the mindset of Europeans in the middle ages
Common artistic trope

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2
Q

A common theme in old art was the theme of what two things that were juxtaposed

A

Both birth/life/knowledge and something to remind them of death

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3
Q

The idea that life is ________ is fairly universal

A

Unchanging

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4
Q

This course is an intersection of what two disciplines?

A

Religion and thanatology

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5
Q

What does thanatology study

A

death

> the physical, psychological, cultural, and social issues surrounding the experience of death

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6
Q

Some key questions for this class

A
  1. What dies?
  2. When does death occur?
  3. What is death?
  4. What happens after death?
  5. How are the living meant to respond?
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7
Q

What are some ideas about when death occurs

A
  • cessation of breath

- “brain death”

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8
Q

Taphophobia

A

The fear of being buried alive

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9
Q

What current medical advancement/procedure that has required us to clearly define when a person is declared death

A

Organ transplants

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10
Q

Veatch’s four possibilities of what death is

A
  1. Irreversible loss of the flow of bodily fluids
  2. Irreversible loss of soul
  3. Irreversible loss of brain functions
  4. Loss of capacity for social function due to loss of higher brain function
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11
Q

Is religious studies the same as theology?

A

No, religious studies looks at religion without any assertions about faith

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12
Q

Epoche (bracketing)

A

Attitude of purposeful non-judgement

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13
Q

Why is the practice of epoche in religious studies

A

Because it removes that question about whether or not a part of a religion is true while studying it

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14
Q

Dualistic view of existence

A

The mind and body are separate

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15
Q

Monistic view of existence

A

everything that exists can be broken down into its smaller biological parts

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16
Q

Discourse communities

A

A group of people that share common rhetorical goals, have a shared vocabulary, have a medium in which they can communicate with each other, and have criteria for knowing whether someone is part of that community with them

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17
Q

Historically speaking, even if we do not know who wrote a story, what important information can we gain from it (discourse communities)

A

The context of the place and time. Because so much effort was put in to preserving and passing on the story that it must have been deemed important by the social group at that time

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18
Q

Ritual in a religious context characteristics (4)

A
  • Embedded in a cultural system
  • They are performed for a real or imagined audience
  • Formalistic and Rules-Governed
  • Traditionalistic and Invariant
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19
Q

What do rituals do? (3)

A
  • Forms/reinforces communities and communal consensuses
  • Provides a means of connecting actions with an authoritative reality
  • Provides an experiential and performative explanation of social realities
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20
Q

2 types of ritual

A
  1. Rite of passage

2. Religious ritual(???)

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21
Q

Rite of passage 3 stages

A
  1. Separation (from everyday social circumstances)
  2. Liminality (being in between two different states of existence [through dress, ritual language])
    »lack of individualization
  3. Reintegration (usually with special signs of completing the ritual and change in social status)
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22
Q

Are all religious rituals rites of passage?

A

No

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23
Q

What was the assumption of the early perspectives on other religions and cultures?

A

They assumed that other cultures were “primitive”; less advanced than their own religion and culture

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24
Q

Psychic unity

A

All human beings across time and place more or less have the same minds —> our brains are the same form, but hold different material

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25
Q

Perennialist religion

A

There is a common core of truth or meaning that exists across religious cultures

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26
Q

Invisible/ invisible worlds cosmology

A

Invisible: is there an overlapping other spiritual world with ours, or is the spirit world separate from our world
Visible: when we can see

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27
Q

human beings possess ____ or _______ souls

A

One or more

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28
Q

Animism

A

Some elements of the natural world are inhabited/animated by spiritual beings

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29
Q

in the view of animism, are ALL elements of the natural world inhabited or animated by spiritual beings?

A

Not necessarily, some views are that only inanimate objects that have been implicated in an important even have a spirit. Therefore there are many elements that do not have souls if there has been no interactions with them

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30
Q

In ancient usage, what does “kami” refer to?

A

A concept of a type of soul. Anything whatsoever which is outside of the ordinary, which possessed superior power of which is awe inspiring. Both good and evil things.

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31
Q

If the definition of kami is something being awe inspiring, what is the implication of that?

A

Based on the emotional impact that it has on living people

>somewhat subjective

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32
Q

What culture does kami come from

A

Japanese

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33
Q

_______ is the way that human beings respond to phenomena

A

Affect

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34
Q

The feeling of the numinous

A

Situation where “numin” are present aka spirits.

Provoked feelings “mysterium, tremendum, et fascinans” of mysterious, fear and fascination

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35
Q

A common theme in indigenous cultures is the profession of a “shaman”, which is what?

A

Religious professionals who can interact with those spiritual entities directly

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36
Q

In indigenous cultures, how are shamans chosen

A

It is thought that they are chosen by the spirits

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37
Q

How was it proposed that shamans could heal?

A

Because they could directly interact with spiritual entities, they were able to dispel the demons that were thought to be the cause of the disease

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38
Q

What allowed shamans to interact with the spirit world?

A

Non-ordinary states of consciousness

>dreaming, meditation, psychotropic substances

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39
Q

Basilov’s traits of indigenous religions

A
  1. Animation or spiritualization of the things in the world (objects and creatures have spirits)
  2. Belief in mutual all-embracing connections in nature
  3. No separation from the surrounding world
  4. The cosmos is accessible (shamans)
  5. Religion is a form of social consciousness
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40
Q

Multiplicity of the soul

A

The soul can inhabit multiple different parts of the body

They can also be different souls

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41
Q

How does multiplicity of the soul affect the understanding of the body

A

Physiological experiences can be attributed to the actions of the souls
>Pain might be caused by action of the soul in that body part

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42
Q

The perspective of mobility of the soul(s)

A

The souls ca move around, not just inside the body and out into the world

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43
Q

What is a potential problem if the soul can leave the body. What is this used to explain

A

The soul can get lost

> Can be used to explain illness (like mental illness)

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44
Q

In the perspective of multiple and mobile soul, are you necessarily born with your soul(s)

A

Not necessarily. In some cultures you only get a soul at certain milestones in a person’s life

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45
Q

Materiality of souls

A

In the sense of having specific shapes, and being susceptible to various types of intervention

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46
Q

What some examples of interventions on souls

A

Soul healing and soul combat/attacks

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47
Q

What is the common story telling technique in Ind traditions

A

Oral story telling and discourse communities

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48
Q

Near death experiences are cited as evidence for what?

A

For the existence for various cosmological claims

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49
Q

Mortuary rituals are often part of what

A

Larger ritual systems

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50
Q

What are some common concerns in the mortuary rituals

A
  • disposal of human body
  • transit of the soul between human and spirit world
  • death pollution
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51
Q

Wari’ death ritual

A
  • Body is never let to touch the ground, supported by a blood relative
  • Ritual piling of village members until bottom row passes you to symbolize death
  • Disembodiment of the corpse
  • Mortuary cannibalism by non-family village members
  • All identifying properties of dead individual are destroyed (name, possession, home) and they become a general ancestor
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52
Q

Affect in the Wari’ mortuary ritual

A

Detachment of the dead to avoid grief because grief is seen as bad

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53
Q

Using the Wari’ mortuary ritual:

  1. Explain how it fits into the 4 characteristics of a religious ritual
  2. How it fits in with the 3 things that rituals do
  3. How it follows the 3 stages of the rite of passage
A

Long answer, at home

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54
Q

Graves in the Ancient World often contained what kind of items?

A

Items they believed would be useful in the afterlife.

E.g. Tools, and gold

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55
Q

Ancient Civilizations formed around what geological landmark?

A

Rivers

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56
Q

“Brain death” as defined by Harvard

A

“if brain function was irreversibly lost, even though heart and lung activity was present due to mechanical support”

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57
Q

The story of Iron Crutch Lee

A

Iron Crutch Lee was an adept that could leave his body. His body was burned before he returned so he entered the body of this beggar with an iron crutch

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58
Q

Teachings VS Narratives

A

Teachings: doctrines. The formalized teachings of a religion

Narratives: stories told by individuals of their own experience

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59
Q

EGYPT

The flooding of the Nile river symbolized what to the Egyptians? (2)

A

rebirth and renewal

Triumph of life over death

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60
Q

EGYPT

Who is Osiris

A

Originally the ruler of the living world, he was killed and dismembered by his brother Set. After being re-assembled by his wife Isis, he was mummified and became the Egyptian ruler of the land of the dead.

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61
Q

EGYPT

Who is Isis

A

The wife of Osiris and mother of Horus

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62
Q

EGYPT

Who is Horus

A

Hawk-headed sun god, son of Osiris and Isis, became the ruler of the living world when his father died. He fought and defeated his uncle Set.

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63
Q

EGYPT

Who is Anubis

A

Jakal-headed guide of the dead. In charge of administering the judgement of the dead.
Originally seen as the “consumer/destroyer” of the dead

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64
Q

EGYPT

Who is Thoth

A

Ibis-headed god of wisdom.

Writes the results of the judgement of the dead.

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65
Q

Four Components in the Ancient Egyptian Theory of Persons:

A
  1. The material body
  2. Immaterial souls
  3. The name of the person
  4. Shadow or shade
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66
Q

EGYPT
Theory of Persons:
3 types of material body

A

Living body
corpse
transformed, mummified body

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67
Q

EGYPT
Theory of Persons:
2 Immaterial souls

A

Ka soul – Animates the bodyspirit double/vital force / life force

Ba soul – makes up a person’s personality, it returns to the body periodically after death

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68
Q

EGYPT

Theory of Persons: the name of the person represents…

A

personality / unique spirit

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69
Q

EGYPT
Theory of Persons:
What is the shadow or shade

A

ghost-like figure associated with the tomb

70
Q

3 types of Funeral Texts in Ancient Egyptian History

A
  1. pyramid texts: Found in the pyramids built for rulers and other noble people
  2. coffin texts: Found on the insides and lids of coffins of ordinary people.
  3. “going out into the day” texts: AKA the Book of the Dead
71
Q

EGYPT

3 possible afterlife destinations according to pyramid texts

A
  1. Among the stars – found in the earliest texts
  2. With the sun god Ra – a later development
  3. In the kingdom of Osiris – by 1500 BCE this becomes the predominant afterlife goal
72
Q

EGYPT

What are shabti

A

small statues of servants for the afterlife included in burial.

73
Q

EGYPT

The feather of Maat

A

The heart of the deceased was weighed against the feather of Maat, the goddess of truth and justice.

74
Q

Mesopotamian view of the person

A

Created from the mixture of the blood of a sacrificed god and clay

Upon death, the person becomes bones and ghost

75
Q

What is Zoroastrianism

A

First monothestic religion. Dualistic religion that believes in a being of ultimate good that is in conflict with a being of ultimate evil. Good will always prevale.

It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran.

76
Q

The Fravashi

A

A spiritual double of a person that accompanies us throughout life. The voice of your conscious, pushing you to make good decisions that lead you to Ahura Mazda

77
Q

Zoroastrian’s buried their dead where?

A

In a “Tower of Silence/Solitude”

78
Q

Burial at sea, in the ground, or by cremation was not an option for the Zoroastrian’s due to…

Therefore, they allowed the body to be….

A

A fear of polluting the world that was created by the good Ahura Mazda
(Fire is the most pure source, so cremation pollutes the fire)

Consumed by other living things.

79
Q

Zoroastrianism:

What happened at the Tower of Solitude?

A

Dead bodies of the Zoroastrians were picked clean by Karian birds and then bleached by the sun.
Once the bones are bleached white, they are now pure.

80
Q

JUDAISM

The three key covenants

A

Noahide, Abrahamic, Mosaic

81
Q

JUDAISM

The Noahide Convenant

A

God will never destroy the world again with water

82
Q

JUDAISM

The Abrahamic covenant

A

God will allow Abraham to have innumerable descendants, making a nation; in exchange for all the males circumcising themselves.

83
Q

JUDAISM

The Mosaic Covenant

A

Follow the 10 Commandments and [they] will be granted the land of “milk and honey” that as promised to them by God.

84
Q

JUDAISM

1900-1700 BCE is referred to as

A

The age of the Patriarchs (Abraham, Issac, Jacob)

85
Q

JUDAISM

1020-920 BCE is referred to as… and is comprised of…

A

The United Kingdom of Israel

The 12 Tribes of Israel, descendants of the 12 sons of Jacob

86
Q

JUDAISM
In 722 BCE, the Northern Kingdom of Israel is conquered by __________, the Southern half is referred to as the Kingdom of _________

In 586 BCE (The ________ Period), The Kingdom of ________ is conquered by the ______________ and ___________’s ________ in Jerusalem is destroyed. The Leaders of the community are ______ in __________

A

Assyrians
Judah

Biblical
Judah
Babylonians
Solomon's Temple
exiled
Babylon
87
Q

JUDAISM
In 538 BCE (The ____ _________ Period) , the community returns to _____________ and rebuilds the ________ of ___________, however in 70 CE it is __________ again.

A

2nd Temple
Jerusalem
temple of Solomon
destroyed

88
Q

JUDAISM
The Rabbinic Period (70 CE - 6th century CE) is defined by the community learning how to…
This marks the _________ period

A

How to practice Judaism and how to be Jewish without a religious temple.

Diaspora

89
Q

JUDAISM

The majority of the 613 mitzvot were rules about…

A

temple life, meaning most of them were useless without the temple of Solomon.

90
Q

JUDAISM

The Torah has broad and Narrow definitions of the Torah

A

Narrow definition: the first 5 books of the bible

Broad: Includes later rabbinical discourse about what it means to be Jewish/how to practice Judaism as well.

91
Q

JUDAISM
The Tanakn is an acronym for 3 sections of Torah/rabbinical texts:
Ta - Na - Kn

A

TA: Torah
Na: Neviim (prophets, prophetic writings)
Kh: Ketuvim (poetic and philosophical literature)

92
Q

Early Hebrew Views:

God’s breath as the animating principle means…

A

The breath of life is not a soul that is discrete from the body, but a being that is animated by the breath/spirit of God.

93
Q

JUDAISM

What is Sheol?

A

The unpleasant world of the dead, where the breath of God that animated them goes to exist without their physical self.
The spirit is cut off from communion with God.

94
Q

Early Hebrew Views:

Cosmology, where were heaven and hell located?

A

Both the heavens and Sheol were believed to be physical realms, with heaven directly above the earth, and Sheol directly below the earth.

95
Q

JUDAISM

Due to the negative and bleak views of the afterlife (Sheol), there was a focus on…

A

enjoyment of embodied life prior to death.

96
Q

JUDAISM

Death pollution

A

Death is one of the things that renders you ritually unpure, meaning you cannot participate in rituals in the temple.

97
Q

JUDAISM

What was the Apocalyptic view

A

Human beings would eventually be resurrected, judged, and a period of reward would follow this life.

98
Q

JUDAISM
Death and Resurrection in Hellenistic Judaism:
Perspective of the Pharisees on Apolcalyptic views:

A

Became the rabbis. Argued for a broader reading of Torah, and did believe in resurrection, and posthumous punishment/reward

99
Q

JUDAISM

Exegetical Perspectives: Maimonides believed in what form of resurrection?

A

when the messiah comes, the resurrected body rejoins the spirit, and then after a time the spirit goes on to live an eternal life.
A bodily resurrection and a spiritual resurrection.

100
Q

JUDAISM

Exegetical Perspectives: The Talmud believed in what form of resurrection?

A

Bodily Resurrection(?)

101
Q

JUDAISM

What does D’vekut mean

A

“clinging to God” by practicing Kabbalah = trying to reunite the 10 Sefirot powers

102
Q

JUDAISM

What are the Sefirot

A

10 the creative powers or attributes of God.
Sefirot/vessels sent forth into the world, but the vessels could not contain God’s magnitude and broke, scattering across the cosmos.

103
Q

JUDAISM

Important point about the perspectives of Afterlife

A

no unilaterally accepted position

104
Q

JUDAISM

“The Good Death” is to die while reciting the…

A

The Shema Yisreal (Sh’ma Yis’ra’eil)

“The Lord is our God, the Lord alone”

105
Q

JUDAISM

What is Tahara

A

the ritual washing and purifying of the dead

Three phases: cleansing, purifying, and dressing in shrouds.

106
Q

JUDAISM

What is “sitting shiva”

A

sitting on low seats after the death of a family member, wearing special clothing. Mourning lasts 7 days.
Excluded from their normal duties/working/hygiene. Taken care of by members of the community.
>Rite of passage

107
Q

Platonic view of the soul

A

Dualistic view of a division between the body and the soul. The soul is a pre-existing, immortal aspect of a person. The soul is bound to the body.

108
Q

JUDAISM
Death and Resurrection in Hellenistic Judaism:
Perspective of the Sadducees on Apolcalyptic views:

A

rejected the notion of the resurrection of the dead. Most materially well-off, more inclined to be satisfied with status quo

109
Q

JUDAISM
Death and Resurrection in Hellenistic Judaism:
Perspective of the Essenes on Apolcalyptic views:

A

mystical community that embraced the Hellenistic idea of the separation of soul and body. Strongly believed in immortality of the soul, but were less concerned with the apocalyptic vision. Separated from mainstream society.

110
Q

JUDAISM
Death and Resurrection in Hellenistic Judaism:
Perspective of the Zealots (Christians) on Apolcalyptic views:

A

Focused on a “this world” rebellion. Waiting for a messiah that would be a political leader to overthrow the yoke of Roman oppression.
Viewed Jesus as an apocalyptic preacher.

111
Q

CHRISTIANITY

Define creed

A

a formal statement of Christian beliefs, especially the Apostles’ Creed or the Nicene Creed.

112
Q

CHRISTIANITY

What is a messiah

A

“anointed with oil” the promised deliverer of the Jewish nation prophesied in the Hebrew Bible.
All mentions of the messiah in the Torah refer to one specific messiah. Christians believe Jesus is the messiah referred to in the old testament.

113
Q

Define Docetism

A

Christian heresy and one of the earliest Christian sectarian doctrines, affirming that Christ did not have a real or natural body during his life on earth but only an apparent or phantom one. … They consequently denied Christ’s Resurrection and Ascension into heaven

114
Q

Define Soteriology

A

tied to belief in the saving power of Jesus (and his death). Salvation through Jesus

115
Q

Direct translation of martyr

A

“witness”, a person who has died for their faith

116
Q

Imitatio Christi

A

“imitation of Christ”

Christians believe the truest form of imitatio christi is to die for one’s beliefs as Jesus did.

117
Q

Purgatory

A

Medieval Catholic compromise: a
a place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are atoning for their sins before going to heaven. Is NOT hell, is an intermediate realm.

118
Q

Intercessory Prayer

A

The act of praying to a deity on behalf of others, specifically the living praying for the dead to help them

119
Q

3 Stages of Resurrection

A
  • Jesus’ resurrection 3 days after his death
  • Resurrection of saints/martyrs
  • All people will be resurrected to face a final judgement
120
Q

4 Theories of the Atonement:

  1. Christ’s death as _________: Christ is the “________ of ______”, a ____________
  2. Christ’s death as _______________: ______________ atonement for the sins of all others
  3. Christ’s death as _______ __________
  4. __________ Christian View: Atonement is provided by the ________ of Christ’s ______ (_________)
A

ransom… lamb… God… sacrifice
satisfaction… substitutionary
moral example
Eastern… entirety… life… (Theosis)

121
Q

Eastern Christianity: What is Theosis

A

(aka deification) a transformative process whose aim is likeness to or union with God

122
Q

What seemed to be the antecedent to religion in the Neanderthal era, a ritual?

A

A purposeful grave

123
Q

ISLAM

What is Shahada

A

A declaration of faith:
“There is no god but God [Allah], and Muhammad is the messenger of God.”

  • always recited in Arabic, is recited 5 times a day.
  • it is the first person a Muslim hears when born, and the last thing a Muslim says on their deathbed.
124
Q

ISALM

Which direction does the prayer mat and the body when buried face?

A

Towards Mecca

125
Q

ISLAM

What is qiblah

A

the direction of the Kaaba (the sacred building at Mecca), to which Muslims turn at prayer.

126
Q

ISLAM

What is Hadith

A

A collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad which, with accounts of his daily practice (the Sunna), constitute the major source of guidance for Muslims apart from the Qur’an.

127
Q

ISLAM

3 Themes within the Qur’an

A
  • Oneness with God (tawhid) :nothing can be associated with God, nothing can be like God
  • Power, authority, and transcendence of God: God is present in the world while also being transcendent
  • God’s mercy and justice: human beings are given a tendency towards the divine and the instructions for how to live. But since everyone could follow the divine teaching if they chose, those that do not are punished
128
Q

ISLAM

The 99 names of God are used as…

A

ways of describing the various traits of the Divine.

129
Q

ISLAM

What is the naf

A

the self, psyche, soul, rationality

130
Q

ISLAM

What is the ruf

A

the “life breath” that enlives and animates the body

131
Q

ISLAM

Three aspects of final judgement after death

A
  1. Weight on the scales
  2. Assessment of the Scrolls: Scroll handed to the right hand: paradise, to the left hand: perdition/damnation
  3. Traverse: the thin path between the moral world and the afterlife. Can be as thin as a knife, but if you were a good person the path widens for you
132
Q

ISLAM

what is the barzakh

A

The in-between space between life and death.

Possibility of dream communication with the dead due to the soul being in the barzakh place while sleeping.

133
Q

ISLAM

Who are Munkar and Nakir

A

“The Denied and The Denier”

angels who test the faith of the dead in their graves

134
Q

ISLAM: Sufism

What are Dhikr`

A

devotional acts in Islam in which short phrases or prayers are repeatedly recited silently within the mind or aloud

135
Q

ISLAM: Sufism

Fana and baqa

A

“annihilation” and “subsistence,”
two contrasting states of the human being on the path to God.
“Everything upon the earth is undergoing annihilation, but there subsists the face of your Lord”

136
Q

ISLAM:

Funerary practices about grief

A

Avoidance of excessive grief:

- could be a sign that one does not submit to God’s plan

137
Q

ISLAM

What is Ablution

A

ritual cleaning/to make oneself ritually pure. Done before prayer. Also done after death as a ritual purification of the deceased.

138
Q

ISLAM
Funerary practices:
4 points

A
  • washing of body
  • shrouding of body
  • funeral service
  • burial withing 24 hours
139
Q

In ancient Egyptian, terms that described natural laws (like gravity) and human morality was the _____

A

same

140
Q

Osiris was the god of the ______ world

A

under (world of the dead)

141
Q

Living pharos are represented what what god? What is the pharo of the dead?

A

Living: Horus
Dead: Osiris

142
Q

What type of a ritual is mummification?

A

A rite of passage

143
Q

In Mesopotamia, was the afterlife a good place?

A

No, it was a dystopian place under the earth

144
Q

Theme of a commensal community

A

People sharing or offering food with their deceased relatives

145
Q

Where were the dead buried in ancient Mesopotamian culture?

A

Under the houses of their relatives

146
Q

In Zoroastrianism, there is a conflict between good and evil. When this conflict is ultimately resolved and good wins, what happens to human souls?

A

All human souls get saved, even people long ago dead

–> Utopian view of the after life

147
Q

The “good death” in the Zoroastrianism religion.

A

There is a prayer that people could recite if they thought they were dying to align themselves with the right and moral path before death

148
Q

Why were bodies cleaned in the Zoroastrianism religion

A

Because decomposition was seen as dirty and associated with Ahriam (evil). The body was then to be placed on the ground which is good and clean (associated with Ahura Mazda), you cannot put something evil and dirty in something good and clean

149
Q

What is a covenant?

A

A reciprocal relationship between two parties

150
Q

What element was crucial in the ritual cleansing in Judaism (like after a person touches a dead body)

A

Water

151
Q

What is a common ritualistic waiting period in Judaism?

A

7 days

152
Q

How can there be so many different view in Judaism

A

Because Rabbi can put their own interpretation of things, as long as it is based on scripture

153
Q

In Judaism, the hallmarks of being in the group have more to do with ______ than ______

A

Practice than belief

> you are a Jew if you follow the rules, even if you don’t share the belief system

154
Q

What is the goal of the Sefirot belief system

A

To put the broken parts back together and recreate the world through them by practices like meditating

155
Q

What 2 religious traditions did Christianity emerge from/in what context was it created in?

A

Helenistic Judaism and Greek philosophy

156
Q

What does it mean to say that christianity is creedal?

A

It is defined by the creeds that people believe in

157
Q

What does Perpetua’s death tell us about death in the early Christian church

A
  • There was a belief at the time that God would allow for a connection between the living and the dead.
  • Assumption that the living can pray for the dead and it will help them
  • Non-believers were sent to hell
158
Q

What does Perpetua’s death tell us about death in the early Christian church

A
  • There was a belief at the time that God would allow for a connection between the living and the dead.
  • Assumption that the living can pray for the dead and it will help them
  • Non-believers were sent to hell
  • Dying as a martyr is seen as dying like a hero
159
Q

Is the Christian afterlife utopian or locative?

A

Both, heaven on earth

160
Q

4 theories of Jesus’s atonement

Jesus’s death as:

A
  1. Ransom
  2. Satisfaction (of justice)
  3. Moral Example
  4. Theosis (by Jesus becoming human, he gave us some of our divinity)
161
Q

What does “Islam” mean?

A

To surrender oneself to god’s will

162
Q

3 key themes of Islam

A
  1. Unicity of God
  2. Prophetic tradition
  3. The Day of Judgement
163
Q

Allah as _______

A

creator

  • He created us and has a divine plan for us (that we do not know)
  • He created nature so the power of God is contained in nature
164
Q

In Islam, what is judgement based on?

A

Morality, you are judged specifically because of the choices you have made

165
Q

What is The Day of Judgement in Islam?

A

The final day where all will be judged based on their beliefs and actions

166
Q

ISLAM what is the Traverse?

A

The narrow bridge between the human world and paradise. Whether one successfully travels across the bridge is determined by Allah’s judgement based on their actions

167
Q

ISLAM what is the barzakh

A

“the barrier” or “separation”

After death there is an intermediate period between death and one’s judgement (liminality).

168
Q

ISLAM in what place of death can living people communicate with the dead in dreams?

A

the barzakh

169
Q

ISLAM Sufism

A

An internally directed mystical tradition. The goal is to purify the self and directly experience the divine. A practice of asceticism based on the actions of Mohammad

170
Q

2 key practices of Sufism ISLAM

A
  1. Dhikr (remembrance) = practices that are intended to keep the divine constantly in the person’s mind
  2. Meditation = silencing the ego to feel the presence of the divine
171
Q

A good death in Islam

A

the last words spoken before death are the shahada

Death and the Afterlife (2 decks)

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