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4. 21 > Lecture 1: Malignancy – Introduction to Cancer > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Malignancy – Introduction to Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

A large number of complex diseases, they behave differently depending on the cell type from whihc they originate

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2
Q

What are the cell factors that lead to different types of cancers?

A

Age of onset, invasivness and respponse to treatment.

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3
Q

What are the common general properties of cancer?

A
  • Abnormal cell growth/ cell divison
  • Original tumours can spread to other areas of the body and create metastasis
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4
Q

What country has the highest incidence of cancer?

A

Asia and Africa

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5
Q

What is the most common cancer?

A

Lung

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6
Q

What does benign mean?

A

Lumps and tumours that are not cancerous

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7
Q

What is a lipoma?

A

A fatty benign lump

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8
Q

What gender gets more cancer?

A

Men

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9
Q

What are the differnet cell types in the body?

A

Nerve cells
SKin cell
Gut cell
Red blood cell

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10
Q

What is cell division needed for?

A

Growth, healing and replacement of damaged cells

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11
Q

What is key to cancer?

A

Loss of normal cell growth

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12
Q

In a normal case, what happens when cells get damaged by triggers such as smoking?

A

The damage is reocgnized by the body and the cell will die by cell suicide or apoptosis.

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13
Q

What causes lumps and bumps?

A

Cancer cells arise from damaged cells that are not sent for cell death like normal cells, they are not recognized by the body as being damaged and dangerous. This means the ability to control the growth of these damaged cells is lost. The mutates cells get furter mutations leading to canacerous cels and leading to uncontrolled growth.

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14
Q

What causes cancer?

A
  • Diet
  • Hormones
  • Chemicals
  • Smoking
  • Radiation
  • Virus
  • Inherited in germline
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15
Q

What lies at the heart of carcinogenesis?

A

Non lethal genetic damage. This is damage that doesnt kill a cell. This is genetic damage - also called a mutation.

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16
Q

What can cause mutations in cancer?

A

Envirnomental agents such as chemicals, radiation or virus

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17
Q

What are the type of mutations?

A
  • Point mutation
  • Single base change
  • Additions
  • Deletions of large pieces of gentic material
  • Duplication
  • Translocation
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18
Q

What is the name of the first mutation in colon cells?

A

Adenoma

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19
Q

What is the name of the second mutation in colon cells?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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20
Q

What are some of the carcinogenic substances in cigarettes?

A

arsenic, benzene, cadmium, nickel, 2-napthylamine.

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21
Q

Name the carcinogen and the occupation related to lung cancer

A

Asbestos - Construction workers

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22
Q

Name the carcinogen and the occupation related to leukaemia

A

Benzene
Petroleum, rubber, chemical

23
Q

Name the carcinogen and the occupation related to nasal, bladder cancer

A

Leather dust
Shoe making

24
Q

Name the carcinogen and the occupation related to liver cancer

A

Vinyl chloride
PVC mfg

25
Q

Name the carcinogen and the occupation related to nasal cancer

A

Wood dust
Furniture

26
Q

How do infectious agents cause cells to become malignant?

A

Cells get infected by the virus, some of the vial genetic information carried in their nucleic acid is inserted into the chromosomes of the infected cells, and this causes the cell to become malignant

27
Q

What type of cancer is H pylori liked to?

A

stomach cancer

28
Q

What type of cancer is Epstein barr virus linked to?

A

Burkitts lymphoma

29
Q

What type of cancer is human papilloma virus linked to?

A

Cervical cancer

30
Q

What type of cancer is hepaptitis B virus linked to?

A

Liver cancer

31
Q

What type of cancer is human T-cell lymphotrophic virus linked to?

A

Adult T cell leaukaemia

32
Q

Where does ionising radiation come from?

A

X rays
Cosmic rays
Nuclear fall out
Raddon gas

33
Q

How does radiation cause cancer?

A

Ionising radiation causes DNA damage leading to mutation and cancer

34
Q

What causes colon cancer?

A

Red meat

35
Q

What heredity condition can cause skin cancer?

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum

36
Q

What heredity condition can cause kidney cancer?

A

Wilms tumour

37
Q

What heredity condition can cause colon, rectum cancer?

A

Famillial adenomatous polyposis

38
Q

What heredity condition can cause breast/ ovarian cancer?

A

BRCA1/2

39
Q

What are the targets of DNA damage?

A
  • The growth promoting proto-oncogenes
  • The growth inhibitory tumour suppressor genes
  • The genes that regulate programmed cell death, apoptosis
  • The genes that produce proteins which are involved in DNA damage response and repair
40
Q

What is a proto-oncogene?

A

This is the natural gene that regulate cell growth, with the potential to become oncogenes. These can be genes that normally encode for growth factors eg C-sis – encodes the PDGF gene, genes for receptors ie UGF receptor erbB2, genes for signalling intermediates RAS, RAF and cell cycle transuders ie. Cyclins

41
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Genes that code for mutant forms of normal signalling molecules that regulate and control cell growth

42
Q

What genes can mutate to cause cancer?

A

Genes coding for growth factors, growth factor receptor, cytosolic transducers, nuclear transducers.

43
Q

What causes cell growth/ proliferation?

A

Growth factors bind to receptors on the cell surface, which activates signalling enzymes inside the cell that actavate transcroption factors in the nuclead, this turns on genes required for cell growth

44
Q

What is the most common oncogene in cancer?

A

RAS

45
Q

How does RAS work in a cancer cell

A

RAS is mutated meaning it is always active so the cell is always proliferating

46
Q

What is a tumour suppressor gene?

A

family of normal genes that instruct cells to produce proteins that restrain cell growth and division.

47
Q

Are tumour suppressor genes reccessive or dominant?

A

Tumour suppressor genes are recessive, this means that both copies of the gene need to be missing or broken to support cancer.

48
Q

What happens if there is a loss of tumour suppressor genes?

A

allows a cell to grow under void in an uncontrolled fashion.

49
Q

What are examples of tumour suppressor genes?

A

p53
pRb
p16
p21
p27

50
Q

What are some examples of tumour promoters (oncogenes)

A

RAS
mye
erb-2
bcl-2
cyclins
SV40 T antigen
HPV E6 and E7

51
Q

How is cancer relatively rare despite the fact humans are surrounded by mutagenic environemnetal agents?

A

Due to the ability of normal cells to repair DNA damage and the death of cells with unrepiarable damage

52
Q

What are the defects in DNA damage repair systems that contribute to different types of cancers?

A
  • Mismatch repair
  • Nucleotide excision repair
  • Recombination repair
53
Q
A

4. 21 (6 decks)

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