lecture 1 - Learning Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

multi-faceted function

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2
Q

short term memory

A

temporary storage for small amounts of information

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3
Q

episodic and semantic memory

A

declarative forms of memory

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4
Q

Associationism

A
  • termed by Aristotle as a data-orientated approach
  • memory dependent on the association between events, sensations, ideas
  • 3 principle associations
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5
Q

3 principle asssociations

A
  • contiguous
  • frequently
  • similar
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6
Q

Ebbinghaous

A
  • german psychologist did first study on memory
  • used non-words
  • developed verb-learning approach
  • contributed to behaviorism movement and study of stimulus-response associations
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7
Q

Gestalt psychology

A
  • emphasis on role of active learner
  • internal representations (non-observed memories) as opposed to observed behavior
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8
Q

Bartlett

A
  • internal representations
  • information processing approach based on computer analogy
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9
Q

Information processing approach

A
  • computer analogy to explain learning and memory
  • encoding, storage, retrieval
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10
Q

modal model

A
  • Atkinson and Shiffrin
  • sensory, short-term, long-term
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11
Q

explicit/implicit

A
  • larry squire
  • declaritive / non-declarative
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12
Q

explicit / declarative memory

A

intentional retrieval
- personal events or facts
- episodic memory (events)
- semantic memory (facts)

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13
Q

implicit / non-declarative memory

A

retrieval of long-term memory through performance rather than explicit conscious recall
- conditioning, skills, priming

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14
Q

Ebbinghaus

A
  • tested on himself
  • nonsense syllables e.g. caz
  • avoided associations with real words
  • constant rate
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15
Q

total time hypothesis - from Ebbinghaus

A
  • amount learned is a function of time spent learning
  • practice drives brain plasticity
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16
Q

Maguire et al. 2000

A
  • posterior hippocampus of taxi drivers was consistently larger
  • proportional to time spent being a taxi driver
  • expertise plasticity
17
Q

Draganski et al.

A
  • medical students scanned at 3 intervals
  • grey matter increased in parietal cortex and posterior hippocampus sustained 3 months after learning something new
  • learning plasticity
18
Q

practice + structural plasticity

A
  • plasticity is part of the process that optimizes learning, not perpetual (long lasting)
19
Q

expansion normalization hypothesis

A
  • some structural changes related to learning a task may be selected and others dropped
  • useful is kept rest eliminated
20
Q

distributed practice/spacing effect

A
  • leads to better retention of information
  • takes longer over a period of time, not convenient
  • may feel ‘less efficient’
21
Q

Melton 1970

A
  • spaced learning of word stimuli increases subsequent recall
  • longer presentation has better recall
  • increasing intervening words the better recall
22
Q

lag effect

A

benefit of repeated study increases as lag between study occasions increases

23
Q

Kornell and Bjork

A
  • showed that participants with spaced learning showed better identification of painting to painter / better application of knowledge
  • but massed learning was more efficient
24
Q

testing/ generation effect

A
  • when you retrieve information yourself you have a better outcome for retention
25
Q

Karpicke and Roediger

A
  • importance of testing
  • factorial design
  • tests increases retention
    BUT
  • errors in recall when training may affect later recall unless corrected with feedback
  • erroneous retrieval strengthened by memory
26
Q

Expanding Retrieval method; Landauer & Bjork 1978

A
  • spacing effect
  • testing effect
    combined
  • once successful at testing soon after study, distribute practice
27
Q

Spacing effect

A
  • spaced presentation enhances memory
  • study and test separated
28
Q

testing effect

A
  • successfully generating items enhances memory more than passive presentation
  • sooner an item is tested after initial presentation, more likely recall strengthened
29
Q

motivation

A
  • makes learning more efficient in both automatic and strategic ways
30
Q

automatic motivation

A
  • external (reward) or internal (curiosity) motivates prior to exposure to stimuli and improves memory when strategies are controlled
31
Q

strategic motivation

A

people use deeper and more elaborate memorization strategies for high value items

32
Q

curiosity: Gruber et al. 2014

A

internal curiosity/motivation to learn affects later memory
- higher = better recall
- curiosity favors encoding of new information
- similar with external incentives