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Cellular and Molecular Biology > Lecture 1: Key Molecules [G] > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Key Molecules [G] Flashcards

Tuesday 1st October 2024

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1
Q

What do prokaryotes include?

A

Bacteria and archea

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2
Q

Name some features of prokaryotes

A
  • No nucleus
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3
Q

What do Eukaryotes include?

A
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Animal cells
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4
Q

Name some features of plant cells

A
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
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5
Q

Name some features of fungal cells

A
  • Cell wall (different material to plant cell wall)
  • No chloroplasts
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6
Q

What determines the Phenotype?

A

The nature of the molecules

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7
Q

What does a lot of biological knowledge come from?

A

The study of mutants (i.e mutant haemoglobin)

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8
Q

What does a mutant phospholipase result in?

A

Brain cells committing suicide.

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9
Q

What does the absence of the hormone leptin result in?

A

The loss of a cell signalling pathway

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10
Q

What are the functions of polysaccharides?

A

Energy and Structure

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11
Q

What is the formula for a Monosaccharide?

A

(CH₂O)ₙ

where n = 3 or more

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12
Q

What is the formula for glucose?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆

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13
Q

What are the general functions of sugars?

A

Either energy storage or structural roles

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14
Q

What is a sugar in animals that is used for energy storage?

A

glycogen

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15
Q

What is a sugar in plants that is used for energy storage?

A

starch

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16
Q

What is a sugar in plants that has a structural role?

A

Cellulose

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17
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

A hexose sugar

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18
Q

Draw alpha glucose

A
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19
Q

Draw beta glucose

A
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20
Q

How does alpha glucose change to beta glucose?

A

Through a transient linear form.

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21
Q

At equilibrium, what percentage of glucose in solution is alpha glucose?

A

Approx 36%

The remaining less than 0.02% is in the open-chain aldehyde form.

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22
Q

At equilibrium, what percentage of glucose in solution is beta glucose?

A

Approx 64%

. The remaining less than 0.02% is in the open-chain aldehyde form.

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23
Q

What equilibrium are alpha and beta glucose in in solution?

A

Dynamic equilibrium

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24
Q

What is glycogen a polysaccharide of ?

A

Alpha glucose

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25
Q

What is cellulose a polysaccharide of ?

A

Beta glucose

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26
Q

What are the functions of glycogen?

A
  • Energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria
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27
Q

What are the functions of cellulose?

A
  • Energy storage
  • Structure
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28
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

NO

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29
Q

What are lipids soluble in ?

A

Organic solvents

30
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy, structure, action (catalysis, communication)

31
Q

What is an example of an organic solvent?

A

Chloroform

32
Q

Are fatty acids high energy storage molecules?

A

Yes

33
Q

Describe the structure of fatty acids?

A
  • have a carboxylic acid group at one end
  • hydrophobic carbon chain in the middle
  • have a methyl group (CH3) at the other
34
Q

What is between the carboxylic acid group at one end of a fatty acid and the methyl group at the other end of the fatty acid?

A

a long hydrophobic aliphatic (C and H) chain

35
Q

Is it true that fatty acids have twice the energy value of glucose per g?

A

Yes

36
Q

Describe a phospholipid

A
  • Glycerol backbone
  • 2 fatty acid chains
  • Phosphate group
  • Has a structural role in biological membranes
37
Q

Are steroid hormones (like oestrogen and progesterone) a type of lipid?

A

Yes

38
Q

What do oestrogen and progesterone do?

A

They regulate the menstrual cycle

39
Q

What biological molecules are oestrogen and progesterone?

A

Lipids

40
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20, all with different R groups. Therefore, each amino acid is chemically different due to the variety of side chains.

41
Q

Draw the basic structure of an amino acid

A
42
Q

What bonds form between amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

43
Q

What are the ends of a protein called?

A

The N-terminus and the C terminus

44
Q

is the amino group the N terminus or the C terminus?

A

The N terminus

45
Q

Is the carboxyl group the N terminus or the C terminus?

A

The C terminus

46
Q

How are proteins read?

A

From the N terminus to C terminus

47
Q

List some functions of proteins

A
  • Catalyse chemical reactions [enzymes]
  • Communication (peptide hormones)
  • Defence (antibodies)
  • Transport (channel proteins and carrier proteins)
  • Structure (keratin, collagen)
  • Control
48
Q

What 3 things does a nucleotide consist of?

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
  • Nitrogenous Base (A, C, T, G)
49
Q

How are nucleic acids read?

A

from 5’ to 3’

50
Q

What are nucleotides polymerised to form?

A

Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

51
Q

Why are gene sequences conserved between organisms?

A

Due to the presence of a common ancestor

52
Q

Draw the glucose intermediate

A
53
Q

What is Palmitate?

A

A fatty acid that has provides energy.

54
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Fatty acids with structural functions.

55
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

A steroid hormone that has signalling properties.

56
Q

What are the 3 main membrane lipids?

A

Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol. They’re are all structural.

57
Q

Does altering the side R chain alter the properties of an amino acid?

A

Yes

58
Q

What proteins catalyse chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes

59
Q

Which proteins have the function of communication?

A

Receptors and peptide hormones

60
Q

Which proteins have the function of defence?

A

Antibodies and the proteins involved in blood clotting

61
Q

Which proteins are involved in transport?

A

Haemoglobin and albumin

62
Q

Which proteins have structural functions?

A

The cytoskeleton and collagen

63
Q

Which proteins have control functions?

A

Transcription factors and chaperones

64
Q

Nucleotides are joined to form….

A

Nucleic acids

65
Q

What is another name for the polarity found in DNA?

A

Directionality

66
Q

Describe which bases pair with which?

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine

Guanine pairs with cytosine

67
Q

Is it true that some RNA molecules are catalytic?

A

Yes. These are called ribozymes.

68
Q

Is it true that DNA sequences are conserved between organisms?

A

Yes

69
Q

LEARN THIS

A

Conserved gene sequences are those that remain similar across different species because they are critical for basic cellular functions. By comparing these gene sequences, scientists can determine the relatedness of different species and build a phylogenetic tree, which shows their evolutionary relationships.

The implication is that there is a common ancestor, potentially LUCA, who existed 3.5 - 3.8 billion years ago

70
Q

Is it true that ‘Studying mutants provides insight into normal molecular functions and evolutionary adaptations.’?

A

Yes

71
Q
A

Cellular and Molecular Biology (33 decks)

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