Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cellular and Molecular Biology > Lecture 1: Key Molecules > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Key Molecules Flashcards

Tuesday 1st October 2024

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do prokaryotes include?

A

Bacteria and archea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name some features of prokaryotes

A
  • No nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do Eukaryotes include?

A
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Animal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name some features of plant cells

A
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name some features of fungal cells

A
  • Cell wall (different material to plant cell wall)
  • No chloroplasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What determines the Phenotype?

A

The nature of the molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does a lot of biological knowledge come from?

A

The study of mutants (i.e mutant haemoglobin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a mutant phospholipase result in?

A

Brain cells committing suicide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the absence of the hormone leptin result in?

A

The loss of a cell signalling pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of polysaccharides?

A

Energy and Structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the formula for a Monosaccharide?

A

(CH₂O)ₙ

where n = 3 or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the formula for glucose?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

A hexose sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Draw alpha glucose

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Draw beta glucose

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does alpha glucose change to beta glucose?

A

Through a transient linear form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

At equilibrium, what percentage of glucose in solution is alpha glucose?

A

Approx 36%

The remaining less than 0.02% is in the open-chain aldehyde form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

At equilibrium, what percentage of glucose in solution is beta glucose?

A

Approx 64%

. The remaining less than 0.02% is in the open-chain aldehyde form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What equilibrium are alpha and beta glucose in in solution?

A

Dynamic equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is glycogen a polysaccharide of ?

A

Alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is cellulose a polysaccharide of ?

A

Beta glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the functions of glycogen?

A
  • Energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the functions of cellulose?

A
  • Energy storage
  • Structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are lipids soluble in ?

A

Organic solvents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy, structure, action (catalysis, communication)

27
Q

What is an example of an organic solvent?

A

Chloroform

28
Q

Describe the structure of fatty acids?

A
  • have a carboxylic acid group at one end
  • have a methyl group (CH3) at the other
29
Q

What is between the carboxylic acid group at one end of a fatty acid and the methyl group at the other end of the fatty acid?

A

a long aliphatic (C and H) chain

30
Q

Is it true that fatty acids have twice the energy value of glucose per g?

A

Yes

31
Q

Describe a phospholipid

A
  • Glycerol backbone
  • 2 fatty acid chains
  • Phosphate group
32
Q

What do oestrogen and progesterone do?

A

They regulate the menstrual cycle

33
Q

What biological molecules are oestrogen and progesterone?

A

Lipids

34
Q

How many different R groups are there for amino acids?

A

20

35
Q

Draw the basic structure of an amino acid

A
36
Q

What bonds form between amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

37
Q

What are the ends of a protein called?

A

The N-terminus and the C-terminus

38
Q

is the amino group the N terminus or the C terminus?

A

The N terminus

39
Q

Is the carboxyl group the N terminus or the C terminus?

A

The C terminus

40
Q

How are proteins read?

A

From the N to C terminus

41
Q

List some functions of proteins

A
  • Catalyse chemical reactions
  • Communication
  • Defence
  • Transport
  • Structure
  • Control
42
Q

What 3 things does a nucleotide consist of?

A
  • Phosphate
  • Sugar
  • Base
43
Q

How are nucleic acids read?

A

from 5’ to 3’

44
Q

What are nucleotides polymerised to form?

A

Nucleic acids

45
Q

Why are gene sequences conserved between organisms?

A

Due to the presence of a common ancestor

46
Q

Draw the glucose intermediate

A
47
Q

What is Palmitate?

A

A fatty acid that has provides energy.

48
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Fatty acids with structural functions.

49
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

A steroid hormone that has signalling properties.

50
Q

What are the 3 main membrane lipids?

A

Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol. There are all structural.

51
Q

Does altering the side R chain alter the properties of an amino acid?

A

Yes

52
Q

What proteins catalyse chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes

53
Q

Which proteins have the function of communication?

A

Receptors and peptide hormones

54
Q

Which proteins have the function of defence?

A

Antibodies and the proteins involved in blood clotting

55
Q

Which proteins are involved in transport?

A

Haemoglobin and albumin

56
Q

Which proteins have structural functions?

A

The cytoskeleton and collagen

57
Q

Which proteins have control functions?

A

Transcription factors and chaperones

58
Q

Nucleotides are joined to form….

A

Nucleic acids

59
Q

What is another name for the polarity found in DNA?

A

Directionality

60
Q

Describe which bases pair with which?

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine

Guanine pairs with cytosine

61
Q

Is it true that some RNA molecules are catalytic?

A

Yes

62
Q

Is it true that DNA sequences are conserved between organisms?

A

Yes

63
Q
A

Cellular and Molecular Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions