Lecture 1 - Introduction To Organization Of Human Body & Anatomical Terminology Flashcards
What is the definition of Human Anatomy?
- Science concerned w/ the structure of the human body.
- Practical & applied science that provides the foundation for understanding physical performance & health.
What are the six subdivisions of human anatomy?
- Gross anatomy
- Surface anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy
- Radiological anatomy
- Surgical anatomy
- Developmental anatomy (embryology)
Define Gross anatomy:
- Study of structures of a cadaver w/ naked eye.
- May involve dissection.
- Aim to collect data about larger structure of organs & organ systems.
Define Surface anatomy:
- Deals w/ surface features of body that can be observed or palpated (felt firmly).
Define Microscopic anatomy:
- Deals with study of structures using a microscope.
- Cytology ( study of cells ) & Histology ( study of tissues )
- Certain cells/tissues stained by specific dyes ( vital stains ) which selectively colour elements in the cell.
Define Radiological anatomy:
- Study of anatomical structures, through X-rays, Ultrasound or CT/MRI scans performed on a LIVING body.
- Radiopaque substances can be ingested/injected for visualising internal organs during X-ray.
- Angiography involves making a radiograph after injecting a dye into the blood stream.
Define Surgical anatomy:
- Knowledge of precise incisions, relations of viscera & vascularity & endoscopic procedures.
- Important for Surgeons.
Define Developmental anatomy (embryology):
- Study of prenatal stages of development (266/280 days).
- Events from start of fertilisation to moment of birth.
- Helpful in understanding adult anatomy & congenital anomalies ( birth defects ).
- Understanding of human development resulted in new techniques for prenatal diagnosis & treatments.
What are the assumptions of the anatomical position?
- Standing erect
- Eyes look straight to the front
- Upper limbs by the sides of the body, palms facing forward
- Lower limbs are together & digits (toes) pointing forward
What are the other 3 types of positions?
- Supine position
- Prone position
- Lithotomy position
What are anatomical planes?
- Imaginary planes (lines) that cut through the body when it is in an ANATOMICAL position.
- Helps in identifying & studying relative position of structures/organs in relation to one another.
- Further help us in making precise surgical incisions.
What are the 5 types of anatomical planes?
- Median plane
- Sagittal planes (lateral)
- Coronal planes (frontal)
- Horizontal planes (transverse/axial)
- Oblique planes
What are the anatomical terms of relationship? Define them :
- Superior (cranial) : nearer to head
- Inferior (caudal) : nearer to feet
- Anterior (ventral) : nearer to front
- Posterior (dorsal) : nearer to back
- Medial : nearer to median plane
- Lateral : farther from median plane
- Intermediate : between
- Palmar : palm side of the hand
- Plantar : bottom of the foot
PART 1
What are the anatomical terms of comparison? Define them :
- Proximal : nearer to trunk/point of origin.
- Distal : away from trunk/point of origin.
- Superficial : nearer to/on the surface.
- Deep : farther from the surface.
- External : Towards/on the exterior.
- Internal : Towards/in the interior.
- Central : Nearer to/towards the centre.
- Peripheral : Away from the centre.
PART 2
What are the anatomical terms of comparison? Define them :
- Parietal : External wall of body cavity
- Visceral : Covering of an organ
- Ipsilateral : On the same side of the body
- Contralateral : Opposite side of the body
- Evagination : Outward bulging of wall of a cavity.
- Invagination : Inward bulging of wall of a cavity.
What 4 elements account for 99% of the atoms in the body?
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
How is the body organised into levels?
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- System level
What is the molecular organisation of the human body?
- Hydrogen : 62%
- Oxygen : 26%
- Carbon : 10%
- Nitrogen : 1.5%
- Trace elements : 0.5%
What are the 4 major classes of compounds that make up the human body & their respective percentages?
- Water : 67%
- Proteins : 20%
- Lipids : 10%
- Carbohydrates : 3%
What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?
- Integumentary
- Skeletal ( 206 bones )
- Muscular ( 650 muscles aid in movement )
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Urinary
- Reproductive
What are the two main cavities in the body called?
- Dorsal Body Cavity
- Ventral Body Cavity
What does the dorsal body cavity contain?
- Cranial cavity : brain
- Vertebral cavity : spinal cord
What does the ventral body cavity contain?
- Thoracic cavity, divided into two pleural cavities by invagination of lungs w/ a pericardial cavity located within the mediastinum, in the middle by the heart. Superior mediastinum also present.
- Abdominal cavity/peritoneal cavity containing digestive viscera.
- Pelvic cavity containing urinary bladders, reproductive organs, & rectum.
What are the other smaller cavities called?
- Oral/buccal cavity
- Middle ear cavity
- nasal cavity
- cranial cavity
