Lecture 1 - Introduction To Organization Of Human Body & Anatomical Terminology

Question 1

What is the definition of Human Anatomy?

Answer 1

• Science concerned w/ the structure of the human body.
• Practical & applied science that provides the foundation for understanding physical performance & health.

Question 2

What are the six subdivisions of human anatomy?

Answer 2

1. Gross anatomy
2. Surface anatomy
3. Microscopic anatomy
4. Radiological anatomy
5. Surgical anatomy
6. Developmental anatomy (embryology)

Question 3

Define Gross anatomy:

Answer 3

• Study of structures of a cadaver w/ naked eye.
• May involve dissection.
• Aim to collect data about larger structure of organs & organ systems.

Question 4

Define Surface anatomy:

Answer 4

• Deals w/ surface features of body that can be observed or palpated (felt firmly).

Question 5

Define Microscopic anatomy:

Answer 5

• Deals with study of structures using a microscope.
• Cytology ( study of cells ) & Histology ( study of tissues )
• Certain cells/tissues stained by specific dyes ( vital stains ) which selectively colour elements in the cell.

Question 6

Define Radiological anatomy:

Answer 6

• Study of anatomical structures, through X-rays, Ultrasound or CT/MRI scans performed on a LIVING body.
• Radiopaque substances can be ingested/injected for visualising internal organs during X-ray.
• Angiography involves making a radiograph after injecting a dye into the blood stream.

Question 7

Define Surgical anatomy:

Answer 7

• Knowledge of precise incisions, relations of viscera & vascularity & endoscopic procedures.
• Important for Surgeons.

Question 8

Define Developmental anatomy (embryology):

Answer 8

• Study of prenatal stages of development (266/280 days).
• Events from start of fertilisation to moment of birth.
• Helpful in understanding adult anatomy & congenital anomalies ( birth defects ).
• Understanding of human development resulted in new techniques for prenatal diagnosis & treatments.

Question 9

What are the assumptions of the anatomical position?

Answer 9

• Standing erect
• Eyes look straight to the front
• Upper limbs by the sides of the body, palms facing forward
• Lower limbs are together & digits (toes) pointing forward

Question 10

What are the other 3 types of positions?

Answer 10

• Supine position
• Prone position
• Lithotomy position

Question 11

What are anatomical planes?

Answer 11

• Imaginary planes (lines) that cut through the body when it is in an ANATOMICAL position.
• Helps in identifying & studying relative position of structures/organs in relation to one another.
• Further help us in making precise surgical incisions.

Question 12

What are the 5 types of anatomical planes?

Answer 12

1. Median plane
2. Sagittal planes (lateral)
3. Coronal planes (frontal)
4. Horizontal planes (transverse/axial)
5. Oblique planes

Question 13

What are the anatomical terms of relationship? Define them :

Answer 13

• Superior (cranial) : nearer to head
• Inferior (caudal) : nearer to feet
• Anterior (ventral) : nearer to front
• Posterior (dorsal) : nearer to back
• Medial : nearer to median plane
• Lateral : farther from median plane
• Intermediate : between
• Palmar : palm side of the hand
• Plantar : bottom of the foot

Question 14

PART 1

What are the anatomical terms of comparison? Define them :

Answer 14

• Proximal : nearer to trunk/point of origin.
• Distal : away from trunk/point of origin.
• Superficial : nearer to/on the surface.
• Deep : farther from the surface.
• External : Towards/on the exterior.
• Internal : Towards/in the interior.
• Central : Nearer to/towards the centre.
• Peripheral : Away from the centre.

Question 15

PART 2

What are the anatomical terms of comparison? Define them :

Answer 15

• Parietal : External wall of body cavity
• Visceral : Covering of an organ
• Ipsilateral : On the same side of the body
• Contralateral : Opposite side of the body
• Evagination : Outward bulging of wall of a cavity.
• Invagination : Inward bulging of wall of a cavity.

Question 16

What 4 elements account for 99% of the atoms in the body?

Answer 16

1. Hydrogen
2. Oxygen
3. Carbon
4. Nitrogen

Question 17

How is the body organised into levels?

Answer 17

1. Cellular level
2. Tissue level
3. Organ level
4. System level

Question 18

What is the molecular organisation of the human body?

Answer 18

• Hydrogen : 62%
• Oxygen : 26%
• Carbon : 10%
• Nitrogen : 1.5%
• Trace elements : 0.5%

Question 19

What are the 4 major classes of compounds that make up the human body & their respective percentages?

Answer 19

1. Water : 67%
2. Proteins : 20%
3. Lipids : 10%
4. Carbohydrates : 3%

Question 20

What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?

Answer 20

1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal ( 206 bones )
3. Muscular ( 650 muscles aid in movement )
4. Lymphatic
5. Respiratory
6. Digestive
7. Nervous
8. Endocrine
9. Cardiovascular
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive

Question 21

What are the two main cavities in the body called?

Answer 21

• Dorsal Body Cavity
• Ventral Body Cavity

Question 22

What does the dorsal body cavity contain?

Answer 22

• Cranial cavity : brain
• Vertebral cavity : spinal cord

Question 23

What does the ventral body cavity contain?

Answer 23

• Thoracic cavity, divided into two pleural cavities by invagination of lungs w/ a pericardial cavity located within the mediastinum, in the middle by the heart. Superior mediastinum also present.
• Abdominal cavity/peritoneal cavity containing digestive viscera.
• Pelvic cavity containing urinary bladders, reproductive organs, & rectum.

Question 24

What are the other smaller cavities called?

Answer 24

• Oral/buccal cavity
• Middle ear cavity
• nasal cavity
• cranial cavity