lecture 1: introduction to human body

Question 1

what is the difference between ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY?

Answer 1

anatomy - science of STRUCTURE

physiology - science of BODY FUNCTIONS

Question 2

what is homeostasis?

Answer 2

the body’s ability to continuously stay in balance

maintaining internal environment within physiological limits

Question 3

what are the 2 fluid compartments that delineate the cell?

Answer 3

1. ICF - intracellular fluid (WITHIN cells)
2. ECF - extracellular fluid (OUTSIDE cells)
   * intercellular fluid = tissue fluid = interstitial fluid
   * plasma = fluid portion of blood

Question 4

which 2 stimuli is homeostasis continually being disrupted by?

Answer 4

EXTERNAL stimuli - intense heat, cold, lack of O2

INTERNAL stimuli - psychological stress, exercise

these “disruptions” are usually MILD and TEMPORARY

Question 5

what are the 2 types of controls that affect the condition of the body?

Answer 5

neural control - (sensory receptors) DETECTING change in variable

endocrine control - (nervous/endocrine system) RESPONDING to change in variable

Question 6

what are the 3 components of FEEDBACK LOOP?

Answer 6

1. receptor - monitoring controlled condition
2. control center - determining next action
3. effector - receiving directions from control center and producing response to change controlled condition

Question 7

what is the difference between NEGATIVE and POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP?

Answer 7

NEGATIVE - original stimulus REVERSED

ex: body temperature, blood sugar levels, BP
* most feedback systems in body are negative

POSITIVE - original stimulus ENHANCED
ex: childbirth

Question 8

what are the 3 Ds of homeostatic imbalance?

Answer 8

1. disorder - ABNORMALITY of function
2. disease - HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE with distinct symptoms and signs
3. diagnosis - skill of DISTINGUISHING one disease from another

Question 9

what is the difference between symptoms and signs?

Answer 9

symptoms - changes in body function FELT BY THE PATIENT

signs - changes in body function OBSERVED BY THE DOCTOR

Question 10

what are the 3 types of lipids?

Answer 10

1. phospholipid
2. glycolipid
3. cholesterol

Question 11

phospholipids

Answer 11

comprises 75% of lipids

2 parallel layers of molecules

AMPHIPATHIC (polar heads and non-polar tails)

Question 12

glycolipids

Answer 12

comprises 5% of lipids

Question 13

cholesterols

Answer 13

comprises 20% of lipids

interspersed among other lipids in both layers

provides integrity of cell membrane

Question 14

what is the difference between INTEGRAL and PERIPHERAL proteins?

Answer 14

integral - extend into or completely across membrane; protected by glycoalyx from being digested

peripheral - attached to inner or outer surface of cell membrane

Question 15

channel proteins

Answer 15

allowing specific substance to move through water-filled pore

Question 16

transporter proteins

Answer 16

transporting specific substances across membranes by changing shape

Question 17

receptor proteins

Answer 17

recognizing specific ligand and altering cell’s function in some way

Question 18

cell identity marker proteins

Answer 18

distinguishing cells from other cells

Question 19

linker proteins

Answer 19

anchoring filaments inside and outside to the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell

Question 20

enzyme

Answer 20

catalyzing reaction inside or outside cell

Question 21

what is the difference between active and passive transport?

Answer 21

active transport - using energy (ATP) to MOVE AGAINST concentration gradient

passive transport - using only kinetic energy to MOVE ALONG concentration gradient

Question 22

what are the 5 factors affecting diffusion?

Answer 22

1. GREATER the concentration difference, FASTER the rate of diffusion
2. HIGHER the temperature, FASTER the rate of diffusion
3. LARGER the size of the diffusing substance, SLOWER the rate of diffusion
4. INCREASE in surface area, INCREASE in rate of diffusion
5. INCREASE in diffusion distance, SLOWER the rate of diffusion

Question 23

effects of tonicity on cell membranes

Answer 23

1. isotonic - water concentration is the SAME inside and outside
2. hypotonic - HIGHER concentration of water outside
3. hypertonic - LOWER concentration of water outside