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applied health research (stats) 4621 > lecture 1 - introduction to evidence based medicine > Flashcards

lecture 1 - introduction to evidence based medicine Flashcards

1
Q

this is a statistical method that shows the relationship between two or more variables

A

regression analysis

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2
Q

There is no current evidence that _____ have a CVD benefit

A

DPP4 inhibitory

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3
Q

_____ and ____ have shown CVD benefit (modest and higher in higher risk groups)

A

SGLT2i and GLP1a

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4
Q

this is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

A

evidence based medicine

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5
Q

describe the hierarchy of evidence

A

1 = top of hierarchy (best)

  1. meta-analysis of randomized control trials (RCT’S)
  2. individual RCT
  3. observational studies (patient important outcomes)
  4. basic research (test-tube, animal/human physiology)
  5. clinical experience (non-systematic clinical observation)
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6
Q

what are the three factors that affect evidence based medicine (EBM)?

A
  • best evidence
  • patient values
  • clinical expertise
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7
Q

this is one of the three factors that affect EBM ad consists of religious & moral beliefs along with preferences & rights

A

patient values

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8
Q

this is one of the three factors that affect EBM and consists of clinical trials and systematic reviews

A

best evidence

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9
Q

this is one of the three factors that affect EBM and consists of professional judgement and experience

A

clinical expertise

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10
Q

this is just a number, but can help to describe data and help us make decisions. can be descriptive: numerical information about an object or event derived from a sample (study or trial) from a population; can facilitate inferences about a population when only part of those data (sample) are actually observed

A

statistic

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11
Q

what are the three common scales of measurement for variables in medicine

A
  • nominal
  • ordinal
  • numeric
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12
Q

this is the simplest scale of measurement for variables in medicine; data fits into categories with no particular order; there is no actual measurement - just a count; often dichotomous or binary (yes/no; disease/no disease); generally described in percentages or proportions.

A

nominal

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13
Q

this scale of measurement for variables are also called qualitative observations or categorial observations

A

nominal

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14
Q

this scale of measurement for variables has an inherent order to the categories; summary statistic is the median. is often used in assessment of patient risk; different between 2 adjacent categories is not the same throughout the scale (e.g. going from stage 1 to 2 of cancer may not be as severe as going from stage 3 to 4)

A

ordinal

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15
Q

this scale of measurement for variables is also called quantitative observations

A

numerical

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16
Q

this is one of the types of numerical scales; has a value on a continuum (e.g. age, weight, blood pressure)

A

continuous scale

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17
Q

this is one of the types of numerical scales; values are integers (e.g. # of fractures, # of medications)

A

discrete scale

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18
Q

what are the two summary statistics?

A

mean and standard deviation

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19
Q

this is arithmetic average. used with numerical values and not normally with ordinal values

A

mean

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20
Q

what’s the formula for mean?

A

the sum of x / n
where x is the individual observations and n is the number of observations

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21
Q

this is the middle observation when the observations are listed from smallest to largest

A

median

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22
Q

when the number of observations is odd, the median is the middle number, how do you find the median for an even number of observations?

A

the median is the average of the values on either side of the middle

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23
Q

this is the value that occurs most frequently

A

mode

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24
Q

this kind of graph occurs when outlying values are small; mean < median

A

left/negatively skewed

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25
Q

this kind of graph occurs when outlying values are large; mean > median

A

right/positively skewed

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26
Q

what occurs when the mean and median are similar with regards to a graph?

A

symmetric distribution

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27
Q

in what type of graph should you use mean?

A

symmetric

28
Q

in what type of graph should you use median?

A

ordinal or numerical data that is skewed

29
Q

what are the different measures in spread?

A
  • range
  • standard deviation/variance
  • coefficient of variation
  • percentiles
  • interquartile range
30
Q

this is a measure of spread; it is the difference between the smallest and largest observation. minimum and maximum may also be given

A

range

31
Q

this is the measure of the variation of our data from the mean

A

standard deviation

32
Q

______ is the statistic before the square root is taken for the standard deviation

A

variance

33
Q

this is the measure of relative spread; this allows comparison of relative variation of distributions measured on different scales

A

coefficient of variation

34
Q

what is the formula for the coefficient of variation?

A

CoV = standard deviation (s)/mean (x-bar) x 100

35
Q

this is the percentage of a distribution that is equal to or below a particular number; median is 50th percentile; physical growth charts for children is a common usage

A

percentile

36
Q

this is defined as the difference between the 25th and 75th percentile; this describes the middle 50% of the distribution regardless of the shape

A

interquartile range

37
Q

this is used with mean with symmetric data

A

standard deviation

38
Q

this is used with median for ordinal data or skewed numerical data

A

percentiles and interquartile range

39
Q

tabular presentations consist of nominal and ordinal data presented as ________ or ____________

A

proportions or percentages

40
Q

this type of table facilitates simultaneous examination of multiple distributions e.g. explore bivariate association between gender and surgery

A

contingency tables

41
Q

what are different ways to organize/visualize numerical data

A
  • stem and leaf plots
  • five number summary
  • box plots
  • grouped frequency tables
42
Q

what does the stem consist of in a stem and leaf plot?

A

all but the right most digit (e.g. 483, the stem is 48)

43
Q

what does the leaf consist of in a stem and leaf plot?

A

the right most digit (e.g. 483, the leaf is 3)

44
Q

true or false: the stem of a stem and leaf plot should be written from smallest to largest

A

true

45
Q

what is the purpose of the stem and leaf plot? (what is it helping us visualize?)

A

the collection of leaves will have the general shape of the distribution r

46
Q

this helps to show the location and spread of the data; it displays a full range of data (min and max), displays a common range (25th percentile/Q1 and 75th percentile, Q3) and displays a typical value

A

five number summary

47
Q

in a box plot or box and whisker plot, what are the upper and lower hinges made with?

A

1st and 3rd quartile

48
Q

in a box plot or box and whisker plot, the _____ is the line that is found within the box

A

median

49
Q

in a box plot or box and whisker plot, symmetry is evaluated by the symmetry of the hinges with respect to the median; if the hinges are equidistant from the median the data is ____________

A

symmetrical

50
Q

in a box plot or box and whisker plot, symmetry is evaluated by the symmetry of the hinges with respect to the median; if the upper hinge is further away from the median, the data is ________ skewed

A

positively

51
Q

in a box plot or box and whisker plot, symmetry is evaluated by the symmetry of the hinges with respect to the median; if the lower hinge is further away from the median the data is ______ skewed

A

negatively

52
Q

in a box plot or box and whisker plot the spread of data may also be shown by _____; these are drawn from the upper and lower hinges TO the largest/smallest non-outlying values

A

whiskers

53
Q

in a modified box plot, what is the boundary for outliers?

A

1.5 x interquartile range from the box

54
Q

group observations on variable are placed into contiguous, non-overlapping _______; this is a term used in statistics when we are given a continuous series.

A

class interval
*class means a group of numbers in which items are placed such as 0-10, 10-20, 20-30.
*class interval refers to the numerical width of any class in a particular distribution

55
Q

this indicates how often a specific kind of event occurs within the total number of observations

A

relative frequency

56
Q

used to determine the number of observations that lie above (or below) a particular value in a data set; the collection of all previous frequencies together

A

cumulative frequency

57
Q

how can you construct grouped frequency tables?

A
  1. group observations on variable into a continguous, non-overlapping class interval (bins)
  2. place each observation into only one bin
  3. tabulate frequency of observations in each bin - can calculate relative frequency (proportion/percentage)
  4. can also tabulate cumulative frequency
58
Q

what is the general rule for how many class intervals you should have?

A

5-20

59
Q

grouped frequency distributions are displayed visually as a _________. unlike bar graphs, these are generally joined as they represent a continuous distribution (not frequency of categories)

A

histogram

60
Q

the area of the bar of a histogram is proportional to the _________

A

frequency

61
Q

Relative frequencies can also be grouped as a histogram, looks the same, but has a different ___ scale (AUC = 1 or 100%)

A

Y

62
Q

this is created by linking the mid-points of successive bins.

A

frequency polygon

63
Q

this is a form of frequency distribution that represents the sum of a class and all of the classes below it

A

cumulative frequency distribution

64
Q

when this is on the y-axis, it allows us to estimate the median based on looking at the graph

A

cumulative frequency distribution

65
Q

what is the effect of having larger samples?

A

larger samples = more observations = more bins = smaller bins

applied health research (stats) 4621 (6 decks)

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