Lecture 1: Introduction to Anatomy

Question 1

What are the 4 subdisciplines of anatomy?

Answer 1

1.) Gross - dissection & imaging
2.) Microanatomy (Histology) - cells, tissues
3.) Embryology - fertilization to birth
4.) Neuroanatomy - CNS, PNS, ANS

Question 2

Describe the anatomical position.

Answer 2

*Head, eyes, toes facing anteriorly
*Upper limbs @ sides, palms open & anterior
*Lower limbs close together, feet parallel

Question 3

Midsagittal (Median) Plane

Answer 3

Vertical, divides body into left & right halves.

Question 4

Sagittal Plane

Answer 4

Vertical, parallel to median plane, not in center

Question 5

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Answer 5

Vertical, divides body into anterior & posterior halves.

Question 6

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Answer 6

Horizontal, divides body into superior & inferior halves.

Question 7

What are the three types of sections in anatomy?

Answer 7

1.) Longitudinal - vertical
2.) Transverse - horizontal
3.) Oblique - diagonal

Question 8

Proximal v. Distal

Answer 8

Proximal - closer to point of attachment (limbs)
Distal - farther from point of attachment (limbs)

Question 9

Medial v. Lateral

Answer 9

Medial - toward midline
Lateral - farther from midline

Question 10

Superior (cranial) v. Inferior (caudal)

Answer 10

Superior - towards head
Inferior - towards feet

Question 11

Superficial v. Deep (& Intermediate)

Answer 11

Superficial - towards the skin (outside)
Deep - Towards internal structures (away from skin)
Intermediate - between two layers or structures

Question 12

Flexion v. Extension

Answer 12

Flexion - reduce angle of muscle
Extension - increase angle of muscle

Question 13

Dorsiflexion v. Plantarflexion

Answer 13

Dorsiflexion - walking on heels
Plantarflexion - “tippy toes”

Question 14

Abduction v Adduction

Answer 14

Abduction - movement away from the trunk
Adduction - movement towards the trunk

Question 15

Supination v. Pronation

Answer 15

Supination - turning hands w palms faced up (cup of soup)
Pronation - turning hands with palms down

Question 16

Eversion v. Inversion (ankle)

Answer 16

Eversion - rolling ankle with plantar surface outward
Inversion - rolling ankle with plantar surface inward

Question 17

What are the 4 primary modalities of medical imaging ?

Answer 17

1.) Radiographs (X-rays or plain film)
2.) Computer assisted (CAT) or Computerized tomography (CT) scans
3.) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
4.) Ultrasound (sonography)

Question 18

Describe the Radiograph modality.

Answer 18

• Includes X-Rays & film
  *PA (film is anterior) & AP (film is posterior) types
  *best for bone, but can pick up dense tissues.

Question 19

Describe Computerized Tomography (CT)

Answer 19

• X-ray source & detector rotate around patients
  *can be administered quickly
• provides series of axial planes view from the feet up
  *best for dense tissues & structures.

Question 20

Describe Computerized Tomography (CT)

Answer 20

• X-ray source & detector rotate around patients
  *can be administered quickly
• provides series of axial planes view from the feet up
  *best for dense tissues & structures.

Question 21

Describe Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 21

• Protons aligned by magnetic field
• no ionizing radiation = relatively safe
  *better than CT for soft tissue viewing
  *not ideal for bones
  *CANNOT be done with pacemakers or metal implant

Question 22

Describe Ultrasonography

Answer 22

*Sound waves reflected by tissues
*safe for women and children
*real time visuals
*can be used in with Doppler to evaluate blood flow