Lecture 1: Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 4 subdisciplines of anatomy?
1.) Gross - dissection & imaging
2.) Microanatomy (Histology) - cells, tissues
3.) Embryology - fertilization to birth
4.) Neuroanatomy - CNS, PNS, ANS
Describe the anatomical position.
*Head, eyes, toes facing anteriorly
*Upper limbs @ sides, palms open & anterior
*Lower limbs close together, feet parallel
Midsagittal (Median) Plane
Vertical, divides body into left & right halves.
Sagittal Plane
Vertical, parallel to median plane, not in center
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Vertical, divides body into anterior & posterior halves.
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
Horizontal, divides body into superior & inferior halves.
What are the three types of sections in anatomy?
1.) Longitudinal - vertical
2.) Transverse - horizontal
3.) Oblique - diagonal
Proximal v. Distal
Proximal - closer to point of attachment (limbs)
Distal - farther from point of attachment (limbs)
Medial v. Lateral
Medial - toward midline
Lateral - farther from midline
Superior (cranial) v. Inferior (caudal)
Superior - towards head
Inferior - towards feet
Superficial v. Deep (& Intermediate)
Superficial - towards the skin (outside)
Deep - Towards internal structures (away from skin)
Intermediate - between two layers or structures
Flexion v. Extension
Flexion - reduce angle of muscle
Extension - increase angle of muscle
Dorsiflexion v. Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion - walking on heels
Plantarflexion - “tippy toes”
Abduction v Adduction
Abduction - movement away from the trunk
Adduction - movement towards the trunk
Supination v. Pronation
Supination - turning hands w palms faced up (cup of soup)
Pronation - turning hands with palms down
Eversion v. Inversion (ankle)
Eversion - rolling ankle with plantar surface outward
Inversion - rolling ankle with plantar surface inward
What are the 4 primary modalities of medical imaging ?
1.) Radiographs (X-rays or plain film)
2.) Computer assisted (CAT) or Computerized tomography (CT) scans
3.) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
4.) Ultrasound (sonography)
Describe the Radiograph modality.
- Includes X-Rays & film
*PA (film is anterior) & AP (film is posterior) types
*best for bone, but can pick up dense tissues.
Describe Computerized Tomography (CT)
- X-ray source & detector rotate around patients
*can be administered quickly - provides series of axial planes view from the feet up
*best for dense tissues & structures.
Describe Computerized Tomography (CT)
- X-ray source & detector rotate around patients
*can be administered quickly - provides series of axial planes view from the feet up
*best for dense tissues & structures.
Describe Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Protons aligned by magnetic field
- no ionizing radiation = relatively safe
*better than CT for soft tissue viewing
*not ideal for bones
*CANNOT be done with pacemakers or metal implant
Describe Ultrasonography
*Sound waves reflected by tissues
*safe for women and children
*real time visuals
*can be used in with Doppler to evaluate blood flow
