Lecture 1- Introduction, overview of neuroanatomy, overview of neurological disorders Flashcards
What are the 2 division of the nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What are the main components in the CNS
- Brain
2. Spinal Cord
What are the main components in the PNS
- Cranial nerves and ganglia
- spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia
- sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and ganglia
- enteric nervous system
Describe gray matter
- mainly cell bodies
- dendrites
Describe white matter
- primarily myelinated axons
What are the four main areas of the brain
- Cerebral Hemispheres
- Diencephalon
- Brain Stem
- Cerebellum
What components are in the cerebral hemisphere
- cerebral cortex
- subcortical white matter
- basal ganglia
- other deep nuclei
What components are in the diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
what components are in the brainstem
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
what are the 4 areas of the spinal cord
- cervical cord
- thoracic cord
- lumbar cord
- sacral cord
What are the 3 orientation planes of the brain
- coronal plane
- horizontal plane
- sagittal plane
How much does the human brain weigh
about 3 pounds
the brain uses ___% of all the blood pumped from the heart
15-20%
the brain has about ____ billion nerve cells (neurons)
100
__% of cerebral oxygen consumption by white matter
6
__% of cerebral oxygen consumption by gray matter
94
spinal cord contains about __ billion neurons
1
The spinal cords main function is _____ control of limb and _____ movement
- sensorimotor
2. trunk
the spinal cord receives and processes ____ information from the ____ to the muscles
- motor
2. brain
the spinal cord receives and processes _____ information from the ___, ____ and muscles of limbs and trunk
- sensory
- skin
- joints
The brain stem consists of 3 things
- medulla
- pons
- midbrain
What are the brainstems 4 major functions
- influence movement, posture and muscle tone
- controls respiration, BP and HR
- controls level of consciousness
- contains nuclei of cranial nerves
main function of the thalamus
gatekeeper to cerebral cortex
the thalamus is the relay station that ____ and ___ most info reaching ____ cortex from the rest of CNS and ___
- transmits
- processes
- cerebral
- PNS
main function of the hypothalamus
- regulates autonomic, endocrine and visceral function in close association with pituitary gland
the hypothalamus maintains ____ in the body
homeostasis
the main function of the cerebellum
- important role in integrating sensory and other inputs from the brain and spinal cord
cerebellum integrates sensory and other inputs from the brain and spinal cord for 4 purposes
- muscle tone and body posture
- balance control
- coordination of movements
- regulation of eye movements
what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
what is the main functions of the frontal lobe
- motor execution
- thinking
- planning
- executive fucntions
what is the main functions of the parietal lobe
- somatosensory perception
- ex: touch, pressure, temp., proprioception, nociception
what is the main functions of the temporal lobe
- language function
- auditory perception
what is the main functions of the occipital lobe
- visual perception
- processing
what are 5 disorders of the CNS
- compromised circulation
- neurodegeneration
- altered immune function
- infection
- trauma
define PNS disorders
- system wide compromise of peripheral nervous system functioning
define neuromuscular disorders
- system wide compromise of neuromuscular junction integrity
define muscle disorders
system wide compromise of muscle contraction mechanism
What are some functions that may be altered by neurological disorders?
- movement of trunk and limbs
- balance and coordination
- movement of muscles related to breathing
- somatosensation
- special senses: vision, hearing, olfaction, taste, vestibular
- language
- spatial awareness
- memory, executive function and other cognition
- consciousness, awareness, orientation
- regulation of maintenance functions via autonomic system
