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Physiology of a Prokaryotic Cell > Lecture 1- Introduction + Overview > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Introduction + Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial physiology

A
  • study of the structures and functions of bacterial cells and their parts
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2
Q

Bacterial structures

A
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3
Q

Bacterial functions

A
  • how it works
  1. growth and reproduction
  2. metabolism
  3. motility
  4. interactions with host and environment
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4
Q

Overview of a bacterial cell

A
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5
Q

Capsule

A
  • slime layer or glycocalyx
  • made up of carbohydrates

EXCEPTION

  • Bacillus anthracis = made up of polypeptides
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6
Q

Functions of the capsule

A
  1. Mediates adherence/attachment to things
  2. Makes up the biolfilm matrix
  3. Protects from phagocytosis by WBCs
  4. Refractory to antibiotics
  5. Resists drying
  6. Nutrient reservoir
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7
Q

Flagella / flagellum

A
  • aka H antigen
  • long, threadlike structures made up of protein
  • major function of motility
  • made up of three parts: basal body, hook, filament
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8
Q

Monotrichous

A

single polar flagellum

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9
Q

Lophotrichous

A

cluster of polar flagella

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10
Q

Amphitrichous

A

flagella at both poles

either single or in clusers

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11
Q

Perithrichous

A

cell encircled by lateral flagella

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12
Q

Pili / fimbriae

A
  • fine + hair like structures made up of proteins

Somatic pili

  • mediate adherence and biofilm formation

Sex / f pili

  • mediate conjugation (transfer of dna via contact)
  • some are receptors for bacteriophages
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13
Q

cell wall

A
  • provides rigidity / maintains cell shape
  • is a barrier to hazardous things entering the cell
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14
Q

gram positive cell wall

A
  • single, uniform and thick layer of peptidoglycan
  • 15-80 nm
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15
Q

gram negative cell wall

A
  • 2 layers
  • thin peptidoglycan and an outermembrane
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16
Q

cell wall of mycobacteria

A
  • layer of mycolic acids and arabinogalactan + peptidoglycan
17
Q

mycoplasma cell wall

A

doesnt exist

18
Q

peptidoglycan

A
  • repeating units of NAG and NAM forming the glycan chains
  • glycan chains cross-linked by peptides
  • NAG= N-acetylglucosamine
  • NAM= N-acetylmuramic acid
19
Q

Penicillins

A

inhibit the crosslinking of glycan chains in peptidoglycan

20
Q

Things unique to Gram +

A
  • Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids
  • linear polymers of glycerol phosphastes or ribitol phosphates
  • provides negative charges and hydrophobic sites for adherence
21
Q

Teichoic acids

A
  • covalently linked to peptidoglycan
22
Q

lipoteichoic acid

A
  • contains fatty acid chains allowing the molecules to anchor to the cell membrane
23
Q

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A
  • only in gram negative bacteria
  • outer leaflet of the outer membrane
  • made of 3 parts:
  1. lipid A
  2. core polysaccharide
  3. O-antigen (polysaccharide)
  • endotoxin
  • effects: inflammation, shock
  • can be “smooth” or “rough”
24
Q

gram negative bacteria

A
  • LPS

porins

  • “gateways” for small hydrophilic molecules to enter the cell
25
Q

Major differences between G+ and G- bacteria

A

Gram positive

  • thick peptidoglycan
  • teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

Gram negative

  • thin peptidoglycan
  • outer membrane
  • LPS
  • has a periplasm: the space between the outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane
26
Q

cytoplasmic /inner membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer with proteins
  • the ultimate barrier to hostile agents
  • site of electron transport chain
27
Q

proton motive force

A
  • used by bacteria to do useful works: ATP synthesis, rotate flagella, solute transport
28
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, ions
  • inlusion body: poly-B-hydroxybutyrate can be processed into biodegradable plastic bags
  • endospore
  • membrane invaginations (ex: photosynthetic structure)
  • gas vacuoules
29
Q

Extracellular products

A
  • toxins, enzymes, acids, solvents, antibiotics

Harmful

  • tetanus toxin: causes tetanus
  • collagenase: degrades collagen, help bacteria to spread an infection
  • lactic acid: causes dental caries

Beneficial

  • enzymes: amylase, breakdowns starch
  • acetic acid: vinegar
  • ethanol (solvent): fuel
  • antibiotics: polymyxin and tetracycline
30
Q
A

Physiology of a Prokaryotic Cell (2 decks)

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