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Stem cells extra > Lecture 1 Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental biology concerned with?

A

How the fertilised egg gives rise to a fully formed organism

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2
Q

Over development what 3 different states of potency does a cell go through?

A

Totipotent
Multipotent
Unipotent

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3
Q

Totipotent cells can generate …

A

Extraembryonic structures

Intraembryonic structures

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4
Q

Describe extraembryonic structures

A

Membranes surrounding the embryo

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5
Q

Which cells are pluripotent? What do these cells make?

A

Inner mass cells and the cells straight after implantation

They make the embryonic proper

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6
Q

Define cell differentiation

A

Stepwise cell specialisation

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7
Q

Define cell potency

A

Ability of a cell to differentiate into another type of cell

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8
Q

Describe the cell at day 0-1

A

zygote = first diploid cell to arise following fertilisation

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9
Q

Describe the cell at day 2-3

A

Morula

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10
Q

Describe the cell at day 5

A

Blastocyst

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11
Q

Describe the 3 different types of cells found in a blastocyst

A

Inner cell mass = embryo proper
Trophectoderm = gives rise to extraembryonic tissues
Blastocoel = fluid-filled cavity

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12
Q

What occurs after the blastocyst stage

A

Implantation

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13
Q

Describe the cell at day 15

A

Postimplantation epiblast

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14
Q

What are stem cells drivers of?

A

Embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis

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15
Q

What do stem cells reside in

A

Stem cell niches

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16
Q

What 2 routes can stem cells take in a niche and in response to which signals

A

Signal X –> self renewal

Signal Y/Z –> embryonic stem cells or iPS cells can give rise to an array of specialised cell types

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17
Q

Stem cells exhibit multiple degrees of ….

A

potency

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18
Q

How do scientists culture embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent?

A

Mimicking the signals that keep the cells in a self-renewing, pluripotent state

19
Q

How are induced pluripotent stem cells produced?

A

In reprogramming, overexpressing 4 TF that are normally found in early embryos allows adult cells e.g. skin cells to be converted back to a pluripotent state

20
Q

Applications of pluripotent stem cells

A

Cell replacement therapy
Disease modelling
Drug screening
Modelling embryonic development

21
Q

What is the turnover rate like in the intestinal epithelium

A

Constant turnover

22
Q

What drives the turnover in the intestinal epithelium

A

Cells in the intestinal crypt (at the base of the villi)

23
Q

Define senescence

A

Age related decline in function

24
Q

Name 2 things that induce senescence

A

DNA damage

Reactive oxygen species

25
Q

Define regeneration

A

Ability of the fully developed organism to replace organs by growth/repatterning of existing tissues

26
Q

Define growth

A

Predominantly by cell proliferation in response to signals

27
Q

How many phases are there in the cell cycle

A

4 phases

and a resting phase named G0

28
Q

What occurs in uncontrolled proliferation

A

Cancer

29
Q

What 2 things are vital for the cell cycle

A

CDK and Cyclins

30
Q

Define oncogene

A

Gene which are capable of transforming a normal cell into a tumour cell

31
Q

Example of an oncogene

A

MYCN

32
Q

What is associated with mutations in MYCN

A

Neuroblastoma - common solid tumour in infants and young children usually found in the adrenal glands

33
Q

Where do neuroblastomas originate

A

Embryonic cell type called the neural crest which generates peripheral neurones

34
Q

What is associated with aggressive neuroblastomas

A

High levels of the TF (MYCN)

35
Q

What does ectopic overexpression of MYCN in normal neural crest cells lead to

A

Neuroblastoma-like tumours

36
Q

Define tumour-suppressor genes

A

Restrict cell proliferation

37
Q

Example of tumour-suppressor gene

A

p53

38
Q

What is p53 described as

A

Guardian of the genome

39
Q

Normal function of p53

A

DNA damage and repair - induces the arrest of the cell cycle and if damage is too great, commits the cell to apoptosis

40
Q

Mice with mutations in p53 have …

A

Higher incidence of tumours

41
Q

Define pharmogenetics

A

Study of individual gene-drug interactions, usually one or two genes, which have a dominant effect on a drug response

42
Q

Define pharmacogenomics

A

Study of genomic influence on drug response often using high throughput data

43
Q

Many tumours in adults and children are driven by…

A

stem cell components that keep the cancer growing continuously

Stem cells extra (3 decks)

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