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Skeletal Radiology A > Lecture 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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2
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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3
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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4
Q

What is the last bone to ossify?

A

Clavicle

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5
Q

What are the 4 functions of bone and connective tissue?

A
  1. ) Supports mechanical loads
  2. ) Protects vital organs
  3. ) Contributes to mineral homeostasis
  4. ) Serves as a site for hematopoiesis
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6
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A
  1. ) Ectoderm
  2. ) Mesoderm
  3. ) Endoderm
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7
Q

From what germ layer is bone formed?

A

Mesodermal tissue

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8
Q

What does long bone begin as in the fetus?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of bone formation?

A 
#1 Intramembranous ossification
#2 Endochondral ossification
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10
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Embryonic connective tissue transforms to bone

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11
Q

During intramembranous bone formation growth occurs by transformation of _____ to _____ without a _____ pre-modeling.

A

Mesenchymal cells, bone, cartilagenous

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12
Q

What type of bones are formed from intramembranous bone formation?

A

Flat bones

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13
Q

Intramembranous ossification increases the _____ of bone.

A

Diameter

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14
Q

What are 4 bone that are ossified in membrane?

A
  1. ) Parietal bone
  2. ) Temporal bone
  3. ) Upper occipital squamosa
  4. ) Frontal bone
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15
Q

What are the 2 forms of ossification within cartilage?

A
  1. ) Primary ossification

2. ) Secondary ossification

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16
Q

What is endochondral bone formation?

A

Growth occurs by the laying down of bone on a cartilagenous scaffold

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17
Q

What types of bones are formed by endochondral ossification?

A

Long and short tubular bones

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18
Q

_____ tissue from _____ transforms to bone.

A

Cartilagenous tissue, mesenchymal cells

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19
Q

Primary ossification _____ bone.

A

Lengthens

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20
Q

When does primary ossification occurs?

A

In utero

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21
Q

How many primary ossification centers are there?

A

3

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22
Q

Where are the 3 primary ossification centers?

A

Vertebral body center = 1

Posterior arches = 2 (one each side with growth plate at each end)

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23
Q

Primary ossification centers are usually fused at the midline by what age?

A

7

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24
Q

Where does secondary ossification occur?

A

Within the epiphyses and apophyses

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25
Q

What is a growth plate?

A

A thin plate of cartilage between the primary center and each secondary center

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26
Q

When does secondary ossification occur?

A

Post-partum

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27
Q

How many secondary ossification centers are there?

A

9

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28
Q

Where are the 9 secondary ossification centers?

A

Transverse processes = 2
Articular processes = 4
Spinous processes = 1
Ring apophyses = 2

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29
Q

Secondary ossification is associated with which type of bones?

A

Tubular bones
Vertebrae
Ethmoids
Inferior conchae

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30
Q

What is the apophysis?

A

A protuberance

Functions as the attachment site for ligaments and tendons

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31
Q

What is an enthesis?

A

Site of attachment of tendons and ligaments

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32
Q

The enthesis is highly ____ with high _____ activity.

A

Vascularized, metabolic

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33
Q

What are Sharpey fibers?

A

Outer fibrous extensions that attach the cortex to the periosteum

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34
Q

What does appositional bone growth do?

A

Maintain the caliber of bone

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35
Q

The periosteum serves as a source of vascular perfusion for what part of the cortex?

A

The outer third of the cortex

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36
Q

What are the 4 functions of the periosteum?

A
  1. ) Attaches to cortex via outer fibrous extensions called Sharpey’s fibers
  2. ) Maintains caliber of bone by appositional bone growth
  3. ) Provides a transitional zone of attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons
  4. ) Serves as a source of vascular perfusion for the outer third of the cortex
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37
Q

Is the periosteum normally seen on x-rays?

A

No

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38
Q

The periosteum also includes potential functions for what 2 types of activity?

A
  1. ) Osteolytic

2. ) Osteoblastic

39
Q

What is a callus?

A

A periosteal new bone formation

40
Q

What is a callus an important sign of?

A

Healing fracture

41
Q

What are 2 aka’s for the growth plate?

A
  1. ) Physis

2. ) Physeal plate

42
Q

What are the 2 zones of the growth plate?

A
  1. ) Zone of cartilage production

2. ) Zone of transformation

43
Q

What occurs at the zone of cartilage production?

A

Longitudinal bone growth

44
Q

What occurs at the zone of transformation?

A

Cartilage-to-bone ossification

45
Q

Where is the perichondral groove?

A

Surround circumference of the physeal plate

46
Q

What is the perichondral groove made from?

A

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells beneath a layer of fibrous tissue

47
Q

What do mesenchymal cells serve as precursors for?

A

Cartilage cells

48
Q

What is the perichondral groove responsible for?

A

Lateral growth of physeal plate

49
Q

What 3 things help regulate bone growth?

A
  1. ) Hormones
  2. ) Blood supply
  3. ) Nutrition
50
Q

What 3 things can increase the rate of bone growth?

A
  1. ) Growth hormones
  2. ) Sex hormones
  3. ) Increased blood circulation
51
Q

What 4 things can decrease the rate of bone growth?

A
  1. ) Glucocorticoids
  2. ) Malnutrition
  3. ) Vitamin C deficiency
  4. ) Vitamin D deficiency
52
Q

What does growth hormone do to control closure of the growth plate?

A

Nothing

53
Q

What is the effect of excess androgens on the closure of growth plates?

A

Early closure

54
Q

What is the effect of excess estrogen on the closure of growth plate?

A

Early closure

55
Q

What is the effect of testosterone deficiency on the closure of growth plates?

A

Delays closure

56
Q

What are the 2 main events of the growth plate closure?

A
  1. ) Slowing down of cartilage cell multiplication

2. ) Invasion of cartilage plate by blood vessels that eventually reach epiphyseal side of plate

57
Q

What is the vascular supply of the physis in infants?

A

Small percent of metaphyseal blood vessels may penetrate the cartilagenous growth plate and supply the epiphysis

58
Q

What is the vascular supply of the physis in children?

A

Vascular supply does not cross the growth plate (there is a barrier)

59
Q

What is the vascular supply of the physis in adults?

A

No growth plate - so the blood supply to metaphysis and distal end of bone is continuous

60
Q

What does the resting zone attach the growth plate to?

A

Epiphysis

61
Q

What happens if the resting zone is injured?

A

Growth stops

62
Q

What happens at the zone of proliferation?

A

Where bone is lengthened due to active growth of chondrocytes

63
Q

What happens is there is cell death at the zone of proliferation?

A

Growth stops

64
Q

What happens at the zone of hypertrophy?

A

Chondrocytes mature, no active growth

65
Q

What is the weakest portion of the growth plate?

A

Zone of hypertrophy

66
Q

What type of fractures can occur at the zone of hypertrophy?

A

Salter-Harris fractures

67
Q

What happens at the zone of degeneration/ossification?

A

Chondrocytes die and ossification occurs

68
Q

What does the zone of degeneration/ossification attach the growth plate to?

A

Metaphysis

69
Q

Bone is what percent mineral (hydroxyapatite)?

A

70 percent

70
Q

Bone is what percent collagen, water and cells?

A

30 percent

71
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells

72
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Bone remodeling and resorption

73
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Living cells of bone

74
Q

Where can osteocytes be found?

A

Within lamellar bone

75
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Bone metabolism and maintenance

76
Q

What are 2 types of bone?

A
  1. ) Compact bone

2. ) Canellous bone

77
Q

What is the description of compact bone?

A

Dense, ivory-like

78
Q

What does compact bone form?

A

The outer shell

79
Q

Where is compact bone thickest?

A

Diaphysis

80
Q

Compact bone makes up what percent of total bone mass?

A

80 percent

81
Q

What type of function does compact bone have?

A

Mechanical

82
Q

What are 3 aka’s for cancellous bone?

A
  1. ) Trabecular bone
  2. ) Spongy bone
  3. ) Medullary bone
83
Q

What does cancellous bone form?

A

The internal cavity of bone

84
Q

What is the description of cancellous bone?

A

Thin interconnecting trabeculae

85
Q

What are the 2 components of flat bone made from dense bony tissue?

A
  1. ) Inner table

2. ) Outer table

86
Q

What is between the 2 layers of dense bony tissue?

A

Cancellous bone (red marrow)

87
Q

What 2 parts of flat bones are covered with periosteum?

A
  1. ) The outer surface of the outer table

2. ) The under surface of the inner table

88
Q

Where is bone marrow be located?

A

Lies in spaces between trabeculae of the cancellous bone

89
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Provision of a continual supply of RBCs, WBCs and platelets

90
Q

Bone marrow contains what types of cells?

A
  1. ) Red blood cells
  2. ) White blood cells
  3. ) Platelets
  4. ) Fat cells
91
Q

Increasing the age does what to the amount of fatty marrow?

A

Increases

92
Q

What affect does osteoporosis have on fatty marrow?

A

Fat cells are needed to replace the trabecular bone that is lost

93
Q

Osteoporosis converts bone from _____ to _____.

A

Distal to proximal

Skeletal Radiology A (1 decks)

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