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BTEC 1322 > Lecture 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of technology to improve or manipulate living organisms and/or their processes for the benefit of mankind. It is the science of integration and a global industry that generates more than $200 billion in revenue. California and Massachusetts have the most biotech companies. Cancer and AIDS are two main medicinal biotechnologies.

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2
Q

Bioprocessing

A

Use of living cells to manufacture a product

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3
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Use of computer technology to manage (gather, analyze, use) biological information

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4
Q

Classic biotechnology

A
  • Ancient-domestication of plants and animals for food and other human needs
  • Selecting or breeding plants and animals for a desirable trait
  • Use of organisms in a controlled environment to make yogurt, bread, cheese, and alcohol
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5
Q

Modern or Recombinant Biotechnology

A
  • Involves genetic engineering - often trasfers genes from one genus to another and enables the creation of GMO
  • Recombinant technology- combines gene fragments from different sources
  • Includes recombinant RNA, cell fusion, and stem cells
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6
Q

Classification of Biotechnology

A

Based on organisms used to make a product (MAP)
1. Microbial biotechnology
2. Animal biotechnology
3. Plant biotechnology

Based on the use of product/technology
1. Forensic biotechnology
2. Agricultural biotechnology
3. Medical biotechnology
4. Industrial biotechnology
5. Environment biotechnology

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7
Q

Fermentation 1000-2000 BC

A

Makes spirits of wine, vinegar, soy sauce, yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut

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8
Q

1700-1900 Michiaki Takahashi 1974

A

Living microorganisms used for vaccination

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9
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Described cells

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10
Q

Pasteur

A

Described lactic acid fermentation by bacteria

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11
Q

Buchner

A

Detection of fermentation enzymes in yeast

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12
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Origin of species

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13
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Founder of genetics who worked with pea plants to discover laws of inheritance

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14
Q

1920
Alexander Fleming

A

Discovered the antibiotic, penicillin produced by fungus Penicillium

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15
Q

1940 Oswald

A

Isolation of pure DNA

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16
Q

1952 Hershey & Chase

A

DNA (not protein) is the hereditary material

17
Q

1953 Watson & Crick

A

Double helix structure of DNA elucidated

18
Q

1956 Arthur Kornberg

A

Crystallizaes DNA Polymerase

19
Q

1970 Norman Borlaug

A

First plant breeder to win Nobel prize, Father of Green Revolution

20
Q

1968 Stanely Cohen

A

Isolated bacterial plasmids, and showed transformation of antibiotic-resistance gene carried on a plasmid, conferred antibiotic resistance to the transformed bacteria

21
Q

1970 Herb Boyer

A

Discovered the DNA restriction enzyme EcoRI

22
Q

1973 Cohen Boyer, and Berg

A

Beginning of modern biotechnology, cloned frog DNA in E. Coli

23
Q

1976 Genentech

A

Formation of first biotechnology company

24
Q

1978 Humulin

A

Human insulin produced in E.Coli, the first recombinant drug approved by FDA

25
Q

1986 Kary Mullis

A

Amplification of DNA by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

26
Q

1990

A
  • First use of food products using rDNA approved in US and UK (cheese-making enzymes)
  • First gene therapy trials in humans conducted for Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency disorder (SCID or bubble boy syndrome)
27
Q

1993

A

First recombinant animal hormone produced (rBGH) in E. Coli

28
Q

1994

A
  • BRAC1 breast cancer gene identified
  • Flavr Savr tomatoes - first GM food approved for marketing
29
Q

1996

A

AquAdvantage salmon submitted to FDA for approval in 2015

30
Q

1997

A

First mammal cloned from an adult cell, Dolly the sheep

31
Q

2009

A

FDA approves human antithrombin produced in goats to prevent blood clots in certain patients

32
Q

Craig Venter

A

Human Genome Project and creation of the first synthetic genome

33
Q

Human Genome

A
  • Consists of 24 chromosomes
  • Over 3 billion nucleotide pairs
  • Genome estimated about 30,000 genes
  • Average gene consists of 3000 bases

BTEC 1322 (8 decks)

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