Lecture 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of technology to improve or manipulate living organisms and/or their processes for the benefit of mankind. It is the science of integration and a global industry that generates more than $200 billion in revenue. California and Massachusetts have the most biotech companies. Cancer and AIDS are two main medicinal biotechnologies.

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2
Q

Bioprocessing

A

Use of living cells to manufacture a product

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3
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Use of computer technology to manage (gather, analyze, use) biological information

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4
Q

Classic biotechnology

A
  • Ancient-domestication of plants and animals for food and other human needs
  • Selecting or breeding plants and animals for a desirable trait
  • Use of organisms in a controlled environment to make yogurt, bread, cheese, and alcohol
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5
Q

Modern or Recombinant Biotechnology

A
  • Involves genetic engineering - often trasfers genes from one genus to another and enables the creation of GMO
  • Recombinant technology- combines gene fragments from different sources
  • Includes recombinant RNA, cell fusion, and stem cells
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6
Q

Classification of Biotechnology

A

Based on organisms used to make a product (MAP)
1. Microbial biotechnology
2. Animal biotechnology
3. Plant biotechnology

Based on the use of product/technology
1. Forensic biotechnology
2. Agricultural biotechnology
3. Medical biotechnology
4. Industrial biotechnology
5. Environment biotechnology

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7
Q

Fermentation 1000-2000 BC

A

Makes spirits of wine, vinegar, soy sauce, yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut

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8
Q

1700-1900 Michiaki Takahashi 1974

A

Living microorganisms used for vaccination

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9
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Described cells

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10
Q

Pasteur

A

Described lactic acid fermentation by bacteria

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11
Q

Buchner

A

Detection of fermentation enzymes in yeast

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12
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Origin of species

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13
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Founder of genetics who worked with pea plants to discover laws of inheritance

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14
Q

1920
Alexander Fleming

A

Discovered the antibiotic, penicillin produced by fungus Penicillium

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15
Q

1940 Oswald

A

Isolation of pure DNA

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16
Q

1952 Hershey & Chase

A

DNA (not protein) is the hereditary material

17
Q

1953 Watson & Crick

A

Double helix structure of DNA elucidated

18
Q

1956 Arthur Kornberg

A

Crystallizaes DNA Polymerase

19
Q

1970 Norman Borlaug

A

First plant breeder to win Nobel prize, Father of Green Revolution

20
Q

1968 Stanely Cohen

A

Isolated bacterial plasmids, and showed transformation of antibiotic-resistance gene carried on a plasmid, conferred antibiotic resistance to the transformed bacteria

21
Q

1970 Herb Boyer

A

Discovered the DNA restriction enzyme EcoRI

22
Q

1973 Cohen Boyer, and Berg

A

Beginning of modern biotechnology, cloned frog DNA in E. Coli

23
Q

1976 Genentech

A

Formation of first biotechnology company

24
Q

1978 Humulin

A

Human insulin produced in E.Coli, the first recombinant drug approved by FDA

25
1986 Kary Mullis
Amplification of DNA by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
26
1990
- First use of food products using rDNA approved in US and UK (cheese-making enzymes) - First gene therapy trials in humans conducted for Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency disorder (SCID or bubble boy syndrome)
27
1993
First recombinant animal hormone produced (rBGH) in E. Coli
28
1994
- BRAC1 breast cancer gene identified - Flavr Savr tomatoes - first GM food approved for marketing
29
1996
AquAdvantage salmon submitted to FDA for approval in 2015
30
1997
First mammal cloned from an adult cell, Dolly the sheep
31
2009
FDA approves human antithrombin produced in goats to prevent blood clots in certain patients
32
Craig Venter
Human Genome Project and creation of the first synthetic genome
33
Human Genome
- Consists of 24 chromosomes - Over 3 billion nucleotide pairs - Genome estimated about 30,000 genes - Average gene consists of 3000 bases