Lecture 1: Intro to Qualitative research

Question 1

Which of the following best defines ontology in the context of nursing research?

A. The principles and strategies used to gather data
B. The theory of knowledge and valid ways to acquire it
C. The nature of reality and existence in the social world
D. The technical procedures for testing hypotheses

Answer 1

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ontology refers to the nature of reality and existence, addressing how researchers view the world they study​

Question 2

What is the primary focus of epistemology in qualitative research?

A. Understanding cultural norms and practices
B. Exploring how knowledge is constructed and what counts as valid knowledge
C. Developing statistical frameworks to measure reality
D. Analyzing the social impact of research outcomes

Answer 2

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Epistemology examines the relationship between the researcher and the knowledge being studied, as well as what constitutes valid knowledge

Question 3

Which of the following is a characteristic of a paradigm in qualitative research?

A. It provides statistical tools for hypothesis testing.
B. It establishes a framework for understanding phenomena based on shared assumptions.
C. It exclusively focuses on quantitative methods of data collection.
D. It involves only fixed and predetermined research designs.

Answer 3

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A paradigm consists of beliefs, assumptions, and practices that shape how researchers understand phenomena, guiding methodologies and approaches in research​

Question 4

In nursing research, methodology is best described as:

A. The tools and software used to analyze data
B. The ethical considerations involved in research design
C. The principles guiding the selection of research procedures and strategies
D. The social implications of research outcomes

Answer 4

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Methodology refers to the principles and strategies researchers use to conduct studies, guiding the selection of specific methods and approaches​

Question 5

Which statement accurately describes the paradigms of qualitative research?

A. Qualitative research paradigms prioritize numerical data over theoretical frameworks.
B. They focus on understanding lived experiences and subjective meanings.
C. Paradigms are fixed frameworks that do not evolve during research.
D. They aim to control variables to predict outcomes.

Answer 5

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Paradigms in qualitative research are rooted in understanding and interpreting the lived experiences and subjective realities of individuals​1

Question 6

Which of the following researchers is most likely operating within a qualitative paradigm?

A. A researcher measuring blood glucose levels to determine the effect of diet on diabetes
B. A researcher exploring patients’ experiences of living with chronic illness through interviews
C. A researcher conducting a randomized controlled trial to assess medication efficacy
D. A researcher analyzing statistical trends in hospital readmissions

Answer 6

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A qualitative paradigm focuses on exploring subjective experiences and meanings, often using interviews or other methods that prioritize participants’ perspectives​

Question 7

What does the concept of a paradigm include in the context of qualitative research?

A. The numerical measurements used to compare study outcomes
B. The shared theoretical ideas and technical procedures used by a group of researchers
C. The ethical guidelines for conducting research
D. The statistical tools required for data analysis

Answer 7

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A paradigm encompasses theoretical ideas and technical procedures adopted by researchers, rooted in a particular worldview​

Question 8

A researcher’s belief that multiple realities exist and are shaped by individual experiences aligns with which paradigm component?

A. Methodology
B. Epistemology
C. Ontology
D. Data collection

Answer 8

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ontology addresses the nature of reality, and the belief in multiple realities reflects a constructivist ontological perspective common in qualitative research

Question 9

Question 9:
A nurse conducting qualitative research states, “I believe valid knowledge can only come from interactions with participants and their lived experiences.” This statement aligns with:

A. Ontology
B. Paradigm
C. Epistemology
D. Methodology

Answer 9

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Epistemology focuses on the nature of knowledge and how it is acquired. This statement reflects the belief that knowledge is constructed through interaction and experience​1
.

Question 10

Question 10:
Which aspect of research is influenced by the researcher’s methodological approach?

A. The sample size and its generalizability
B. The tools used for statistical testing
C. The principles guiding data collection and analysis
D. The publication of results

Answer 10

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Methodology guides the principles, procedures, and strategies used for data collection and analysis, making it a central component of research design

Question 11

What is the primary goal of qualitative research in healthcare?

A. To test specific hypotheses and make predictions
B. To measure the effectiveness of treatment protocols
C. To understand and describe participants’ lived experiences and social contexts
D. To analyze numerical data to identify trends

Answer 11

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Qualitative research aims to explore and understand the lived experiences of participants, focusing on the social and cultural contexts that shape these experiences

Question 12

Which statement best defines qualitative research?

A. It is a method for testing theories using experimental designs.
B. It is an approach focused on exploring subjective experiences and understanding social phenomena.
C. It is a framework for collecting numerical data to evaluate clinical outcomes.
D. It is a tool for assessing the reliability of quantitative data.

Answer 12

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research is centered on exploring subjective experiences and understanding social phenomena as perceived by individuals and groups

Question 13

A key feature of qualitative research is its focus on:

A. Statistical reliability and control of variables
B. Generalizability across populations
C. Subjective experiences and meanings
D. Laboratory-based experimental settings

Answer 13

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Qualitative research prioritizes the exploration of subjective experiences, focusing on the meanings and interpretations of participants in natural settings​1

Question 14

Question 4:
How does qualitative research differ from quantitative research in its aim?

A. Qualitative research aims to explore and describe, while quantitative research aims to predict and control.
B. Qualitative research tests hypotheses, while quantitative research generates theories.
C. Qualitative research emphasizes numerical data, while quantitative research avoids it.
D. Qualitative research focuses on large samples, while quantitative research does not.

Answer 14

Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The aim of qualitative research is to explore and describe participants’ experiences, whereas quantitative research focuses on prediction and control through numerical data​1
.

Question 15

Question 5:
Which of the following research questions is most appropriate for a qualitative study?

A. What is the statistical correlation between age and medication adherence?
B. How do patients describe their experiences of living with a terminal illness?
C. What is the effectiveness of a new drug in reducing blood pressure?
D. How does exercise influence body mass index over six months?

Answer 15

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research questions focus on understanding subjective experiences and the meanings participants assign to them​

Question 16

What is the basis of qualitative research in healthcare?

A. Evaluating the effectiveness of clinical treatments
B. Understanding and interpreting human experiences within their social contexts
C. Predicting outcomes based on controlled trials
D. Quantifying patient satisfaction using surveys

Answer 16

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research in healthcare is grounded in understanding human experiences and the social or cultural contexts that influence them​

Question 17

Question 8:
Which type of data is most commonly analyzed in qualitative research?

A. Numerical and measurable data
B. Descriptive and narrative data
C. Statistical data from randomized trials
D. Quantifiable data from surveys

Answer 17

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research involves analyzing descriptive and narrative data to explore meanings and experiences​

Question 18

Question 9:
What is a key outcome of qualitative research in healthcare?

A. The development of standardized treatment protocols
B. A statistical report with measurable results
C. An in-depth understanding of patients’ lived experiences
D. Generalizable findings applicable to large populations

Answer 18

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary outcome of qualitative research is an in-depth understanding of participants’ lived experiences, which provides valuable insights for patient-centered care​

Question 19

Question 10:
Which of the following is an example of qualitative research?

A. Conducting a survey to determine the prevalence of hypertension
B. Performing interviews to explore how nurses cope with workplace stress
C. Comparing blood pressure readings before and after medication administration
D. Testing the efficacy of a new surgical procedure in a clinical trial

Answer 19

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research involves exploring subjective experiences, such as how individuals cope with stress, using methods like interviews​

Question 20

Question 1:
What is the primary focus of qualitative research?

A. Exploring individual and cultural experiences
B. Measuring clinical outcomes using numerical data
C. Randomized sampling to ensure validity
D. Testing hypotheses in laboratory settings

Answer 20

Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Qualitative research prioritizes understanding and exploring individual and cultural experiences​

Question 21

Question 2:
In qualitative research, what role does the researcher often play?

A. A distant observer of participant interactions
B. An active participant immersed in the study’s context
C. A neutral data analyst using statistical tools
D. An administrator of controlled experiments

Answer 21

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Researchers in qualitative studies often immerse themselves in the participants’ natural settings to gain deeper insights

Question 22

Question 3:
Which of the following data collection methods is most consistent with qualitative research?

A. Randomized controlled trials
B. Standardized questionnaires
C. In-depth interviews and participant observation
D. Structured surveys

Answer 22

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Qualitative research relies on in-depth, flexible methods like interviews and observations to gather rich, detailed data​

Question 23

Question 4:
How is rigor maintained in qualitative research?

A. By ensuring statistical significance of findings
B. Through trustworthiness, authenticity, and transferability
C. By using large sample sizes for generalizability
D. By conducting double-blind experiments

Answer 23

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rigor in qualitative research is demonstrated through trustworthiness, authenticity, and the transferability of findings

Question 24

Question 5:
Which characteristic of qualitative research focuses on understanding participants’ inner worlds?

A. Thematic analysis
B. Etic perspective
C. Emic perspective
D. Statistical comparison

Answer 24

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The emic perspective emphasizes understanding participants’ experiences and views from their own standpoint​1

Question 25

Question 6:
Qualitative research is often described as:

A. Data-driven and context-bound
B. Hypothesis-testing and product-oriented
C. Quantitative and experimental
D. Laboratory-focused and controlled

Answer 25

Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Qualitative research derives theories directly from data and is deeply context-sensitive​1
.

Question 26

What type of analysis is commonly used in qualitative research?

A. Regression analysis
B. Thematic or constant comparative analysis
C. Randomized controlled analysis
D. Probability analysis

Answer 26

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Thematic or constant comparative analysis is widely used in qualitative research to identify patterns and themes​

Question 27

Question 8:
What does it mean for qualitative research to be “context-bound”?

A. It requires data to be collected in a controlled laboratory.
B. Findings are specific to the natural settings and social environments studied.
C. It avoids cultural or social influences in data collection.
D. Results can be easily generalized across populations.

Answer 27

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Context-bound means qualitative research findings are tied to the specific social or cultural settings in which the study occurs​

Question 28

Question 9:
Which sampling method is typical in qualitative research?

A. Random sampling
B. Theoretical or purposive sampling
C. Double-blind sampling
D. Stratified sampling

Answer 28

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research often uses theoretical or purposive sampling to select participants who can provide deep insights into the phenomena being studied

Question 29

Question 10:
What is a key difference in data analysis between qualitative and quantitative research?

A. Qualitative research uses statistical software exclusively.
B. Qualitative research identifies patterns and themes, while quantitative focuses on numerical analysis.
C. Both use the same statistical methods.
D. Qualitative research relies on control groups for comparisons.

Answer 29

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research emphasizes identifying themes and patterns in narrative data, while quantitative research focuses on numerical analysis and hypothesis testing​

Question 30

What is the primary aim of quantitative research?

A. Exploring participants’ experiences in natural settings
B. Generating statistical data to test hypotheses and make predictions
C. Understanding cultural influences on healthcare practices
D. Describing lived experiences through narrative analysis

Answer 30

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Quantitative research focuses on testing hypotheses, measuring variables, and making predictions based on numerical data​

Question 31

Which of the following is a key characteristic of qualitative research compared to quantitative research?

A. It relies on laboratory settings for data collection.
B. It aims to understand subjective meanings and experiences.
C. It requires randomized sampling for validity.
D. It emphasizes statistical analysis of variables.

Answer 31

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research emphasizes understanding subjective experiences and exploring the meanings participants assign to phenomena

Question 32

In which type of research is the researcher’s relationship with participants likely to be closer?

A. Qualitative research
B. Quantitative research
C. Both types equally
D. Neither type

Answer 32

Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In qualitative research, the researcher often develops close relationships with participants to gather in-depth data and understand their perspectives

Question 33

How does sampling differ between qualitative and quantitative research?

A. Qualitative research uses random sampling, while quantitative uses purposive sampling.
B. Quantitative research uses theoretical sampling, while qualitative uses fixed samples.
C. Qualitative research uses purposive or theoretical sampling, while quantitative relies on randomized sampling.
D. Both use randomized sampling for generalizability.

Answer 33

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Qualitative research often employs purposive or theoretical sampling, while quantitative research typically relies on randomized sampling​

Question 34

Which outcome is more likely in qualitative research than quantitative research?

A. A statistically significant correlation between two variables
B. An in-depth narrative of participants’ lived experiences
C. A measurable and testable result
D. A prediction of causal relationships

Answer 34

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research aims to provide rich, detailed narratives of participants’ experiences rather than measurable or predictive outcomes​1
.

Question 35

What is the focus of quantitative research in terms of approach?

A. Process-oriented exploration
B. Context-bound description
C. Hypothesis testing and prediction
D. Narrative analysis of social phenomena

Answer 35

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Quantitative research emphasizes hypothesis testing and prediction, often in controlled, context-free environments​1
.

Question 36

Which type of data is more commonly associated with quantitative research?

A. Numerical and measurable data
B. Descriptive and narrative data
C. Open-ended interviews
D. Context-bound observations

Answer 36

Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Quantitative research involves numerical data, statistical analysis, and measurable outcomes

Question 37

What is a major limitation of quantitative research compared to qualitative research?

A. Lack of generalizability
B. Difficulty in statistical analysis
C. Limited understanding of participants’ subjective experiences
D. Restricted use in clinical trials

Answer 37

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Quantitative research may not fully capture subjective experiences or the rich context of participants’ lives, which is a strength of qualitative research​1

Question 38

Which type of research is most appropriate for exploring cultural practices in healthcare?

A. Quantitative research
B. Qualitative research
C. Both types equally
D. Neither type

Answer 38

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research is better suited for exploring cultural practices and understanding their influence on healthcare behaviors​

Question 39

Quantitative research outcomes are often:

A. Transferable to other contexts and cultures.
B. Focused on participants’ subjective realities.
C. Generalizable across populations.
D. Process-oriented and exploratory.

Answer 39

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Quantitative research aims for generalizable outcomes by using large, randomized samples and statistical analysis​

Question 40

hat does the emic perspective focus on in qualitative research?

A. The researcher’s analytical view of the data
B. The subjective views and experiences of participants
C. The external validation of research findings
D. The cultural norms of the researcher’s society

Answer 40

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The emic perspective emphasizes the subjective views of participants, focusing on their experiences and meanings​

Question 41

Which perspective is best described as the researcher’s external and analytical interpretation?

A. Emic perspective
B. Etic perspective
C. Inductive reasoning
D. Epistemological viewpoint

Answer 41

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The etic perspective involves the researcher’s analytical and abstract interpretation, often from an outsider’s viewpoint

Question 42

What is a primary goal of the emic perspective?

A. To identify patterns in participants’ behaviors from an external viewpoint
B. To uncover the insider’s view of experiences and meanings
C. To test hypotheses about social behaviors
D. To analyze the statistical relationships in participant data

Answer 42

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The emic perspective seeks to understand the world as participants perceive and experience it​

Question 43

Question 4:
How does the etic perspective complement the emic perspective in qualitative research?

A. By focusing only on numerical analysis
B. By providing a broader analytical context for participants’ insights
C. By replacing subjective data with statistical tests
D. By disregarding participants’ cultural contexts

Answer 43

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The etic perspective provides analytical and contextual interpretations that complement the participant-centered emic perspective

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of using the emic perspective in research?

A. Analyzing statistical trends in healthcare outcomes
B. Conducting interviews to understand patients’ personal health beliefs
C. Applying a pre-existing theory to examine participant behaviors
D. Measuring the efficacy of a new drug in a controlled trial

Answer 44

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The emic perspective focuses on exploring participants’ personal beliefs and experiences from their own viewpoint

Question 45

Who introduced the terms emic and etic perspectives in research?

A. Thomas Kuhn
B. Clifford Geertz
C. Kenneth Pike
D. Marvin Harris

Answer 45

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Kenneth Pike coined the terms emic and etic perspectives in 1954, derived from linguistic studies​

Question 46

The emic perspective is particularly valuable in which type of study?

A. Statistical analysis of treatment outcomes
B. Explorations of cultural practices and meanings
C. Development of standardized clinical protocols
D. Laboratory-based experiments

Answer 46

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The emic perspective is ideal for exploring cultural practices, as it focuses on participants’ insider views

Question 47

Question 8:
The etic perspective is often characterized by:

A. Statistical trends identified through participant narratives
B. The researcher’s external interpretation of cultural phenomena
C. The direct transcription of participants’ subjective experiences
D. The immersion of researchers in participants’ natural settings

Answer 47

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The etic perspective provides an outsider’s analytical interpretation of cultural or social phenomena​

Question 48

Question 9:
What is a challenge of balancing emic and etic perspectives in qualitative research?

A. Limiting data collection to one perspective
B. Avoiding the influence of the researcher’s biases
C. Ensuring statistical validity and reliability
D. Using random sampling techniques

Answer 48

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Balancing emic and etic perspectives requires researchers to reflect on and minimize their biases while interpreting participants’ perspectives​1
.

Question 49

Question 10:
Why is it important for researchers to incorporate both emic and etic perspectives?

A. To strengthen the quantitative aspects of their research
B. To provide a comprehensive understanding of phenomena from both insider and outsider viewpoints
C. To ensure that findings are generalizable across populations
D. To establish causation in social behavior

Answer 49

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Using both emic and etic perspectives allows researchers to understand phenomena comprehensively, integrating participants’ experiences with broader analytical interpretations​

Question 50

What is the primary role of theory in qualitative research?

A. To predetermine the research design and data collection methods
B. To provide a framework for understanding and interpreting findings
C. To eliminate researcher bias during data analysis
D. To measure the reliability of statistical outcomes

Answer 50

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In qualitative research, theory serves as a framework that helps illuminate findings and provides context for understanding the phenomena being studied​

Question 51

How does theory influence the formulation of research questions in qualitative studies?

A. It strictly limits the scope of inquiry to existing frameworks.
B. It helps researchers explore questions relevant to the phenomena under study.
C. It discourages the use of participant perspectives in data collection.
D. It requires researchers to confirm existing hypotheses.

Answer 51

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Theory provides a foundation that helps researchers formulate meaningful questions while allowing space for exploration and discovery

Question 52

What is a potential drawback of applying too much theory at the beginning of a qualitative study?

A. It increases the likelihood of sampling errors.
B. It reduces the validity of the study.
C. It may generate preconceptions and limit open-minded inquiry.
D. It prevents the use of inductive reasoning.

Answer 52

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Using too much theory early on may lead to preconceptions, hindering the researcher’s ability to remain open to new insights from the data​

Question 53

Why might a qualitative researcher choose not to rely heavily on theory during the initial stages of research?

A. To avoid interfering with the randomized sampling process
B. To maintain flexibility and allow findings to emerge naturally from the data
C. To ensure adherence to quantitative research protocols
D. To prioritize etic over emic perspectives

Answer 53

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: By minimizing reliance on theory early in the study, qualitative researchers can allow patterns and insights to emerge organically from participants’ experiences​

Question 54

What is a common use of theory in qualitative research after data collection?

A. Generating a hypothesis for quantitative studies
B. Validating statistical correlations
C. Framing and contextualizing the study’s findings
D. Selecting the sample population

Answer 54

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: After data collection, theory is often used to frame and contextualize findings, helping to provide deeper meaning and relevance

Question 55

Which statement best reflects the relationship between theory and qualitative research?

A. Theory must dictate the methodology from the start.
B. Theory evolves as researchers interact with the data.
C. Theory is unnecessary in qualitative research.
D. Theory limits the scope of research to predefined outcomes.

Answer 55

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In qualitative research, theory often evolves alongside data analysis, allowing researchers to refine their understanding of the phenomena

Question 56

What is a defining characteristic of theory in qualitative research?

A. It provides statistical validation for the findings.
B. It focuses on generalizing results across populations.
C. It offers insights that guide understanding and interpretation.
D. It eliminates the need for participant involvement.

Answer 56

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Theory in qualitative research helps guide understanding and interpretation, offering insights that enrich the analysis process​

Question 57

Question 8:
In qualitative research, theory is most often applied:

A. Before data collection to create a strict hypothesis
B. During data collection to confirm statistical trends
C. After data collection to illuminate and interpret findings
D. Only in the final stage of quantitative validation

Answer 57

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Theory is typically applied after data collection in qualitative research to help interpret findings and provide a contextual framework​

Question 58

Which of the following best describes a grounded theory approach in qualitative research?

A. Testing a predefined theoretical framework
B. Developing a theory derived directly from the data
C. Using statistical models to validate findings
D. Applying an etic perspective exclusively

Answer 58

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Grounded theory involves developing a theory that emerges directly from the data collected, making it an inductive approach​

Question 59

How can existing theories enhance qualitative research?

A. By narrowing the focus to measurable variables
B. By offering insights that inform data analysis and interpretation
C. By removing the researcher’s subjective bias entirely
D. By providing a strict framework for randomized sampling

Answer 59

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Existing theories can illuminate qualitative findings, providing valuable insights that enrich data analysis and interpretation

Question 60

What is the primary characteristic of inductive reasoning in qualitative research?

A. Testing existing theories through hypothesis-driven analysis
B. Developing general principles from specific observations
C. Measuring statistical trends within numerical data
D. Confirming predetermined outcomes

Answer 60

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Inductive reasoning involves deriving general principles or theories from specific observations, making it exploratory in nature

Question 61

Which approach is most aligned with deductive reasoning?

A. Allowing themes to emerge from the data
B. Testing an existing theory against collected data
C. Exploring participants’ lived experiences without preconceived notions
D. Generating theories directly from narrative analysis

Answer 61

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Deductive reasoning begins with an existing theory or hypothesis and tests it using data​1
.

Question 62

How does inductive reasoning influence clinical thinking in nursing?

A. It encourages nurses to apply standardized protocols.
B. It fosters exploration and adaptability in decision-making.
C. It limits interpretations to existing theoretical frameworks.
D. It emphasizes hypothesis testing over observation.

Answer 62

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Inductive reasoning supports clinical thinking by encouraging exploration and adaptability based on observations and patient experiences

Question 63

In research, deductive thinking is most useful for:

A. Generating new theories from qualitative data
B. Confirming or refuting established theories
C. Exploring subjective meanings and perspectives
D. Understanding cultural practices

Answer 63

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Deductive thinking tests established theories against collected data, confirming or refuting them based on evidence

Question 64

Which type of reasoning is typically more aligned with qualitative research methodologies?

A. Inductive reasoning
B. Deductive reasoning
C. Quantitative reasoning
D. Statistical reasoning

Answer 64

Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inductive reasoning is common in qualitative research, as it involves building theories from data rather than testing pre-existing hypotheses​

Question 65

A nurse observes several patients recovering faster with a specific intervention and formulates a general principle about its effectiveness. This is an example of:

A. Deductive reasoning
B. Inductive reasoning
C. Statistical analysis
D. Hypothesis testing

Answer 65

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Observing patterns and forming general principles from specific cases exemplifies inductive reasoning

Question 66

Which reasoning approach is more likely to restrict the researcher’s openness to new insights?

A. Inductive reasoning
B. Deductive reasoning
C. Exploratory reasoning
D. Interpretive reasoning

Answer 66

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Deductive reasoning may limit openness to new insights because it starts with a predefined theory or hypothesis​

Question 67

Which of the following best illustrates the use of inductive reasoning in qualitative research?

A. Applying an existing coping theory to stress management behaviors
B. Analyzing participant narratives to develop a new theory of resilience
C. Testing a hypothesis about patient adherence to treatment
D. Using statistical models to determine causal relationships

Answer 67

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Inductive reasoning involves developing new theories or principles directly from participant data and observations​

Question 68

How does deductive reasoning differ from inductive reasoning in terms of purpose?

A. Deductive reasoning focuses on exploration, while inductive tests theories.
B. Deductive reasoning confirms theories, while inductive generates new ones.
C. Deductive reasoning requires flexible data collection, while inductive is rigid.
D. Deductive reasoning focuses on subjective interpretation, while inductive is analytical.

Answer 68

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Deductive reasoning confirms existing theories by testing them with data, whereas inductive reasoning generates new theories

Question 69

How is qualitative research used to improve patient care in healthcare?

A. By generating numerical data for treatment protocols
B. By exploring patients’ lived experiences and understanding their needs
C. By testing the effectiveness of new medications in large populations
D. By assessing the financial costs of healthcare interventions

Answer 69

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research helps to improve patient care by exploring the lived experiences and needs of patients, leading to more person-centered and culturally sensitive care​

Question 70

What is the primary contribution of qualitative research to understanding healthcare practices?

A. It provides statistical analysis for decision-making.
B. It offers insights into patients’ perceptions and behaviors.
C. It identifies universal treatment protocols for all patients.
D. It generates large-scale epidemiological data.

Answer 70

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research contributes by offering in-depth insights into patients’ perceptions, behaviors, and experiences, which can inform healthcare practices and policies

Question 71

Which of the following is an example of qualitative research being applied in healthcare?

A. Conducting randomized controlled trials to test the effectiveness of a drug
B. Analyzing patient interviews to understand their experiences with chronic pain
C. Measuring the frequency of hospital readmissions after discharge
D. Using surveys to quantify patient satisfaction with treatment

Answer 71

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Analyzing patient interviews to understand their experiences, such as with chronic pain, is a key example of qualitative research in healthcare

Question 72

Qualitative research is particularly valuable in healthcare because it helps:

A. Develop mathematical models for patient outcomes
B. Quantify the impact of healthcare interventions across populations
C. Capture the nuances of patient experiences and cultural contexts
D. Test the statistical significance of clinical trial results

Answer 72

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Qualitative research provides in-depth insights into the nuanced experiences of patients, including cultural contexts and emotional responses

Question 73

Which of the following is a benefit of using qualitative research in healthcare settings?

A. It allows for generalizable results across large populations.
B. It provides a statistical analysis of treatment outcomes.
C. It reveals complex, personal experiences that can inform individualized care.
D. It focuses on large sample sizes to ensure external validity.

Answer 73

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Qualitative research provides a detailed understanding of complex, personal experiences, which can lead to more individualized and compassionate care

Question 74

In which area of healthcare is qualitative research particularly useful?

A. Testing the efficacy of new pharmaceutical drugs
B. Understanding the social and psychological factors affecting health behavior
C. Standardizing medical procedures for all patients
D. Measuring the effectiveness of surgery outcomes

Answer 74

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research is especially valuable for understanding the social and psychological factors that affect patients’ health behaviors and decision-making​

Question 75

Why is qualitative research critical in exploring healthcare disparities?

A. It offers a statistical breakdown of population health trends.
B. It helps to explore the personal and cultural factors contributing to disparities.
C. It measures the effectiveness of policies in reducing disparities.
D. It focuses on large-scale epidemiological data collection.

Answer 75

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research is essential for exploring personal and cultural factors that contribute to healthcare disparities, offering a deeper understanding of these issues​

Question 76

How does qualitative research support patient-centered care?

A. By standardizing treatment protocols for all patients
B. By providing insights into patients’ values, beliefs, and preferences
C. By reducing the role of patient feedback in clinical decisions
D. By focusing on statistical averages rather than individual experiences

Answer 76

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Qualitative research supports patient-centered care by providing valuable insights into patients’ individual values, beliefs, and preferences, ensuring care is tailored to their unique needs​

Question 77

Question 9:
Which aspect of healthcare does qualitative research most directly address?

A. The statistical outcomes of large clinical trials
B. The clinical efficacy of medical treatments
C. The experiences and perspectives of patients and providers
D. The biological mechanisms behind disease

Answer 77

Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Qualitative research focuses on exploring the experiences and perspectives of patients and healthcare providers, offering insights into how care is experienced and delivered​

Question 78

Why is it important for a researcher to locate themselves in qualitative research?

A. To avoid subjective bias and ensure objectivity in findings
B. To clarify their role and influence on the research process
C. To standardize the research approach for all participants
D. To distance themselves from participants’ experiences

Answer 78

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Locating oneself in qualitative research is important for acknowledging the researcher’s role and influence, helping to enhance transparency and reflexivity

Question 79

How does locating oneself in the research impact the analysis of data?

A. It ensures that the analysis is completely unbiased and objective.
B. It helps the researcher reflect on how their personal experiences shape interpretation of the data.
C. It limits the researcher’s ability to interpret data.
D. It ensures that the findings can be generalized across populations.

Answer 79

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Locating oneself in the research encourages the researcher to reflect on how their personal experiences and biases may influence data interpretation, promoting reflexivity​

Question 80

In qualitative research, what does reflexivity mean?

A. Ensuring that the research findings are objective and without bias
B. Reflecting on and acknowledging the researcher’s influence on the research process
C. Limiting the influence of personal opinions on the data analysis
D. Eliminating the researcher’s emotions from the study

Answer 80

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Reflexivity involves the researcher reflecting on and acknowledging their own influence on the research process, enhancing transparency and trustworthiness

Question 81

How can locating themselves in the research help qualitative researchers enhance the validity of their findings?

A. By minimizing the impact of researcher biases on the data collection process
B. By making sure the research is completely free from subjectivity
C. By increasing the researcher’s objectivity and removing emotions from the study
D. By allowing the researcher to openly acknowledge their perspectives and biases

Answer 81

Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Locating oneself in the research allows the researcher to openly acknowledge their perspectives and biases, which improves the transparency and credibility of the findings​1
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Question 82

What does it mean for a researcher to “locate themselves” in the research process?

A. To step back from the data collection process and allow the participants to define the research outcomes
B. To acknowledge and reflect on their own position, perspectives, and biases in relation to the study
C. To remove their personal experiences and values from the research
D. To focus solely on quantitative data and analysis

Answer 82

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Locating oneself in the research process involves acknowledging and reflecting on the researcher’s position, perspectives, and biases, which helps to guide the study more ethically and transparently

Question 83

What is one potential consequence of failing to locate oneself in qualitative research?

A. Increased generalizability of findings across diverse populations
B. Lack of transparency regarding the researcher’s influence on the study
C. More objective and reliable findings
D. Clearer distinction between the emic and etic perspectives

Answer 83

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Failing to locate oneself can result in a lack of transparency about the researcher’s influence, which may undermine the credibility and trustworthiness of the study

Question 84

Why is the concept of “bracketing” relevant when locating oneself in qualitative research?

A. It helps researchers detach from their personal experiences and biases to maintain objectivity.
B. It ensures that all research data are statistically analyzed.
C. It allows the researcher to avoid reflecting on their influence in the study.
D. It enables the researcher to disregard participant perspectives.

Answer 84

Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bracketing is a process where researchers reflect on and set aside their personal experiences and biases to minimize their influence on the research findings

Question 85

Which of the following is an example of a researcher locating themselves in the research?

A. A researcher conducting blind data analysis to avoid personal bias
B. A researcher acknowledging their background and experiences in shaping the research process
C. A researcher using only numerical data for analysis
D. A researcher using an experimental design to test hypotheses

Answer 85

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A researcher locates themselves by acknowledging their own background and experiences, which helps guide the research process and enrich the data interpretation

Question 86

How does locating oneself in the research affect the relationship between researcher and participant?

A. It encourages detachment and minimal interaction.
B. It promotes a transparent and empathetic relationship between the researcher and participants.
C. It focuses on maintaining strict objectivity and distance.
D. It allows for complete researcher control over the study design.

Answer 86

Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Locating oneself fosters a transparent, empathetic relationship where both researcher and participants are aware of each other’s influences and perspectives

Question 87

What is the main ethical reason for locating oneself in qualitative research?

A. To ensure that the researcher maintains complete objectivity
B. To minimize the researcher’s emotional involvement in the study
C. To acknowledge how the researcher’s biases and experiences may influence the research process
D. To standardize the research process for all participants

Answer 87

correct Answer: C
Rationale: The main ethical reason is to acknowledge how the researcher’s biases and experiences may influence the research process, which enhances transparency and ethical integrity