lecture 1: intro to homeostasis Flashcards
structural organisation
molecular
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
homeostasis
maintenance of a stable internal environment (dynamic state of equilibrium) - must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
homeostatic imbalance
disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease (aka pathophysiology)
muscular system
-allows locomotion, facial expressions
-maintains posture, supports other organ systems
-thermoregulation- produces heat
cardiovascular system
-heart and vessels that transport blood (BP CONTROL)
-haemotology (maintains nutrient balance and immunity)
respiratory system
-gas homeostasis
-adds oxygen and removes co2
digestive system
-breaks down food+absorbs nutrients
-maintains blood nutrient homeostasis
-eliminates indigestible material (excretion)
nervous system
-fast-acting control system
-responds to internal and external exchange
-activates muscles and glands
-controls homeostasis of multiple systems
endocrine system
-slightly slower acting control system
-controls sleep and wakefulness
-controls homeostasis of multiple systems
urinary system
-eliminates nitrogenous waste
-maintains acid-base balance
-maintains osmolarity
negative feedback loops
all homeostatic processes e.g. suppressors of cytokine signalling
positive feedback loops
special scenarios e.g. blood clotting
e.g. auto-amplification of cytokines in immunity
type 1 diabetes
-insulin production (almost completely gone at end stage of disease)
-loss of regulation results in new homeostatic set-point
-not tolerated by body organs (e.g. brain)
type 2 diabetes
-insulin production (dysfunctional)
-glucose sensitivity (receptors-sensor failure)
2 reasons resulting in homeostatic imbalance (pathophysiology)
- new homeostatic set point caused by permnent alternation in regulation e.g. type 2 diabetes
- acute imbalance that overloads the system e.g. glucotoxicity
