Lecture 1: intro to dent Flashcards
Importance of dental care is
Dental care is required to maintain overall health
Dental disease causes discomfort
Associated disease processes may cause systemic problems
Mesaticephalic (aka mesiocephalic)
Most common head type
Means medium head
Brachycephalic
Short head
Commonly have crowded and roasted premolar teeth and malocclusion- increasing risk of periodontal disease
Dolichocephalic
Long head
Lips are used for
(labia)
Act as a prehensile organ
Used for grasping food in herbivores
A sense organ in many species
Term labial is used regarding anything pertaining to lips
Salivary glands do what and are located where
Produce saliva- lubricating and digestive functions
Most animals have 3-4 pairs of salivary glands
Parotid- located just below the ear canal and caudal to the mandible
Mandibular- located between the left and right halves of the mandible
Lingual- lies under the base of the tongue
Zygomatic- below the eye
Palate is
Roof of oral cavity and oropharynx
Separates resp and digestive passages in the head
Hard palate
Bony part which separates oral and nasal cavity
Has rides which cross the hard palate transversely
Soft palate
Caudal extension of hard palate
It is musculomembranous
MM of the mouth has
Highly vascular
Lots of nerve endings
Tongue is
Muscular
Covered with papillae, which can have a mechanical function, gustatory function, or both
Teeth are
Responsible for physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces so that the surface area of food is increased and can be exposed more to digestive enzymes
Opposed in 2 dental arcades
Upper arcade contained within the maxilla
Lower arcade contained within the mandible
Carnivore tooth are shaped differently than herbivore
Difference in shape reflects the function of the teeth
Difference b/w herbivore and carnivore teeth
Carnivore teeth are more pointed to help with ripping and tearing
Herbivore teeth are more flattened to help with grinding of plants and grains
Incisors are located
Most rostral of teeth of upper and lower arcade
Assist with prehension of food, shearing food and grooming
Canines are
Lower tooth between incisors and cheek teeth
Also called eye-teeth, bridle teeth or tusks
These are the grasping and tearing teeth in carnivores
Cheek teeth are
Have large occlusal surfaces and are composed of
Premolars (PM,P)- rostral cheek teeth (shearing in carnivores, grinding in herbivores)
Molars (M)- caudal cheek teeth (grinding)
Carnassial teeth are
Another name for the large shearing teeth of carnivores (dogs and cats)
Composed of last premolar of upper arcade and lower first molar
Abscesses that form at the root tip can break through the thin bone of maxilla
Seen as a swelling or draining below eye
Tooth must be extracted
Lingual
Lingual- towards the tongue (lower arcade only)
Palata
towards the palate (upper arcade only)
Vestibular /labial
towards the lips
Vestibular /buccal
towards the cheek
Occlusal
chewing surface, towards opposite dental arcade
Mesial
towards the middle or center
Apical
toward the root of the tooth
Coronal
toward the crown of the tooth
Dental formulas are seen by
Each type of tooth is represented by its letter
Permanent - I, C, P, M (uppercase letters)
second set of teeth
must last life of animal
Deciduous (baby or milk teeth) - i, c, p, m (lowercase letters)
smaller and fewer in number than permanent teeth
The letter is then followed by a fraction with upper number representing upper arcade and lower number representing lower arcade
Structure of teeth
The teeth are well supplied with nerves, blood vessels, and lymph drainage
because of this they are susceptible to pain (just like humans)
Pulp is
Blood and nerve supply enter the apex of the tooth
Form a lattice like organization that comprises the pulp
Located in the center of the tooth
Shrinks with age
Dentin is
Living tissue similar to bone
Surrounds and protects the pulp
Can respond to damage to the tooth (tertiary dentin) – brown spot with no pulp exposure
Enamel is
Hardest substance of the body
Covers the crown of the tooth
Becomes harder with age
Gingiva is
Tissue that is commonly referred to as the gums
Categorized clinically into free and attached
Periodontal ligaments
Hold tooth in the alveolus or socket
Cementum is
Thin, bone-like material
Capable of repairing itself if damaged
Attached the periodontal ligament to the tooth
Brachydont- covers root only
Hypsodont - covers entire tooth and is superficial to enamel
Alveoli in teeth are
Bony socket in which roots of teeth are embedded
Two types of teeth
Brachydont
Hypsodont
Brachydont is
Low crowned
K9, feline, porcine
Ruminant incisors
Equine deciduous teeth
Brachydont consists of
Crown- part projecting above gum line and covered with enamel
Neck - constriction between crown and root at the gum line
Root - part below gum line embedded in alveolus and covered by cementum
Hypsodont is
High crowned
Permanent teeth of equine
Cheek teeth of ruminant
Have no distinct neck and continue to erupt throughout life
Equine teeth are
K9 tooth may be completely absent in equine female and geldings (probably hormonal related so depends when castrated)
Wolf teeth - rudimentary P1 usually absent
Prone to sharp edges on cheek teeth (points)
Floating = filing off of these sharp edges
Needle teeth are
deciduous 3rd incisors of porcine and K9’s often nipped off in newborns
Equine and ruminant teeth
Cheek teeth are long and merge together into a continuous occlusal surface for grinding
Ruminants are missing upper incisors
Canine teeth are
Chew more than feline so have more flattened occlusal surface of molars
No teeth until 3 weeks
Deciduous teeth in by 6 weeks
Permanent teeth all erupted by 6 months of age
P4, M1 and M2 have 3 roots
P11, and M3 have one root
All other cheek teeth have 2 roots
Feline teeth differentiate by
P4 only tooth to have 3 roots
P33, P4, and M1 have 2 roots
Eruption in equine is
Eruption = emergence of tooth through gum
In wear in equine
Removal of enamel due to contact of opposing teeth
Yellow dentin surrounded by white enamel
Level in equine terms
Flattening of occlusal surface showing 2 enamel rings separated by dentin
Cup-mark equine terms is
Deep depression of occlusal surface lined by cementum and enamel
Usually filled with black decaying material
Enamel spot in equine terms is
Enamel at bottom of cusp when cusp worn away
Harder than dentin and raised
Dental stars in equine are
Darker secondary dentin filling pulp cavity at occlusal surface
First appears rostrally then more centred as enamel spot disappears
Equine teeth wear looks liek
As the teeth wear, the shape of the occlusal surface changes
Young have transversely oval surface
With wear it becomes round then triangular and finally longitudinally oval
Can use these changes to help assess age of horse
Equine cheek teeth
Upper arcade wider than lower
Causes asymmetrical wear to the cheek teeth →
Formation of enamel points on the buccal aspect of the maxillary cheek teeth and the lingual aspect of the mandibular cheek teeth
Points must be removed from time to time to prevent trauma to soft tissues/pain → floating
Cap on equine tooth is
deciduous tooth remaining attached to permanent replacement
Sow mouth
overshot mandible of horse
Parrot mouth
undershot mandible in horse
Scissor mouth is in equine
oblique angle of incisors occlusal surface when looking from front
Due to uneven wear
Step mouth in equine
uneven occlusal plane of cheek teeth
Due to lack of wear of one or more teeth
Angle of equine teeth does what
Angle increases with age
7 year hook is what in equine teeth
Bulge on caudal end of upper corner incisor due to incomplete wear by lower arcade
Appears at 7 years and disappears at 9 year
Reapers at 11 years
Galvaynes groove is and what it looks like with age
Groove on labial side of upper corner incisor
Due to wear and removal of the cementum except in the groove
10 years- appear under gum line
15 years- appears halfway down tooth
20 years- reaches occlusal surface
30 years- disappears
Bovine teeth differences
Longitudinal ridge- serration marking lingual surface
Occlusal surface- appears when teeth come into wear
Appears waxy due to longitudinal ridges
Level- occlusal surface no longer appears waxy due to wear beyond longitudinal ridges
Aging cattle by teeth
Estimate age- check lower incisors for eruption and number of permanent incisors
Add 1 year to first incisor- 1-2 years of age
Second incisor- 2 years of age
Third incisor- 3 years of age
Fourth incisor- 4 years of age
All incisor eruption and wear- 5 years of age
