lecture 1- intro to bv Flashcards

1
Q

what is binocular single vision? (BSV)

A

fusion of 2 images from each eye to form one single image

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2
Q

What you need to achieve normal BSV?

A

normal retinal correspondence (NRC)

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3
Q

advantages of BSV

A
  • binocular summation

- depth perception/stereopsis

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4
Q

what is normal retinal correspondence ?

A

every point in the retina corresponds to a certain point in space

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5
Q

nasal retina corresponds to …

A

temporal VF

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6
Q

temporal ret corresponds to ..

A

nasal VF

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7
Q

superior ret corresponds to …

A

inferior VF

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8
Q

inferior ret corresponds to ..

A

superior VF

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9
Q

BSV grading (Worths grades)

A
  • simultaneous perception
  • sensory fusion
  • motor fusion
  • stereopsis
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10
Q

what is the horopter?

A

objects that stimulate corresponding retinal points lie on the horopter (imaginary line) and are seen as single

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11
Q

what is the Vieth-Müller circle?

A

the theoretical horopter in the horizontal plane

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12
Q

what is panums fusional space?

A

small area around the horopter where almost corresponding objects are still seen as single

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13
Q

why are objects seen stereoscopically in panums fusional space?

A

due to slight retinal disparities

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14
Q

is diplopia normal ?

A

when objects fall outside of panums fusional space

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15
Q

what is simultaneous perception

A

ability to perceive 2 images simultaneously, one from each retina

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16
Q

what is sensory fusion

A

Integration of two similar images, one formed on each retina into one image within the brain

17
Q

for sensory fusion to occur the images have to be similar in..

A

brightness
size
form

18
Q

what is motor fusion

A

Maintenance of sensory fusion through a range of vergence movements

19
Q

what is stereopsis

A

The perception of relative depth of
objects by the fusion of relative
disparity of images from the two
eyes

20
Q

confusion (NRC)

A

fovea of fixating eye and fovea of strabismic eye receive 2 diff images and they are superimposed

21
Q

pathological diplopia

A

fixating object stimulates fovea in one eye and peripheral retina in the strabismic eye

22
Q

pathological diplopia occurs in which type of strabismus

A

manifest

23
Q

is confusion or pathological diplopia more common in adults to develop strabismus

A

pathological diplopia

24
Q

when do you get suppression

A

under 8 years old

25
Q

what is suppression

A

mental inhibition of the image in front of the eye which is deviated off
visual cortex ignores the extra image

26
Q

if you have suppression, do you have stereopsis?

A

no

27
Q

what is abnormal retinal correspondence

A
Sensory adaptation in
which the fovea and
areas on nasal and
temporal retina
correspond and have a
common visual direction
with an area other than
the fovea with the
deviating eye

basically you have a pseudo fovea

28
Q

do you have BSV with ARC

A

no, you have abnormal binocular single vision

29
Q

do you have stereopsis with ARC

A

yes

30
Q

do you have binocular summation with ARC

A

yes

31
Q

when you cover one eye with Px with ARc

A

they use their normal fovea not Pseudo therefore they move their eye (out for eso, in for eco)

32
Q

do you treat children with constant strabismus

A

if they have suppression- you may want cosmesis surgery

if they have ARC - monitor

33
Q

do you treat adults with strabismus?

A

prisms, lenses or surgery

34
Q

what will a 50 year old px with recent onset constant right esotropia normally experience?

A

uncrossed diplopia

35
Q

if you have a 6 year old with moderate right esotropia (ARC) can you use prisms or surgery?

A

no, they will get diplopia as they want to use their pseudofovea

36
Q

if you have a 6 year old with moderate right esotropia (suppression) can you use prisms or surgery?

A

no, they will get diplopia as they want to use their pseudofovea
but
if you have large angle strabismus consider surgery for cosmesis

37
Q

how to explain suppression to a parent and child

A

both your child’s eyes are working, however they do not work together
when both eyes are open they either use their left eye or right eye (not both)
she does not use both at the same time
this means she prob finds activities where she is required to judge distances of objects harder than other children eg. ball sports like netball, basketball etc