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Musculoskeletal and Rheumatology > Lecture 1: Intro to bone and soft tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro to bone and soft tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 components is the musculoskeletal system composed of?

A
  • bone
  • muscle
  • connective tissue
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2
Q

What types of connective tissue are there within the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • tendon
  • ligaments
  • cartilage
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3
Q

What is a tendon?

A

connects muscle to bone

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4
Q

What is a ligament?

A

connects bone to bone

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5
Q

What is cartilage?

A

component for:

  • structural support
  • protection of tissues
  • attachment sites
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6
Q

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

A

206 (+sesamoids), 270 in children

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7
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

pectoral girdle, upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle

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8
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton?

A

cranium, vertebral column, rib cage

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9
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • movement
  • support
  • protection of vital organs
  • calcium storage
  • haematopoiesis
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10
Q

How are bones classified by shape?

A
  • flat bone
  • sutured bone
  • short bone
  • irregular bone
  • sesamoid bone (e.g. patella)
  • long bone
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11
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A
  • osteogenic cell
  • osteoblast
  • osteocyte
  • osteoclast
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12
Q

What is an osteogenic cell?

A

bone ‘stem cell’

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13
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A
  • ‘bone forming’
  • secretes ‘osteoid’
  • catalyse mineralisation of osteoid
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14
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A
  • mature bone cell
  • resting bone cell
  • formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in its secretions
  • sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity
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15
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A
  • ‘bone breaking’
  • dissolve and resorb bone by phagocytosis
  • derived from bone marrow
  • remodel bone
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16
Q

Where is each type of bone cell found?

A

Osteocytes - embedded in matrix
Osteoclasts - bone surfaces, at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone
Osteogenic cells - deep layers of periosteum
Osteoblasts - growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum

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17
Q

Outline the composition of bone matrix.

A 
40% = organic component (mainly Type 1 collagen, w/mainly ground substance - proteoglycans, glycoproteins, cytokine + growth factors) 
60% = inorganic component (calcium hydroxyapatite and osteocalcium phosphate)
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18
Q

Outline 2 main bone types

A

IMMATURE BONE - is first bone produced that is laid down in ‘woven’ manner, and relatively weak
MATURE BONE - is mineralised woven bone with Lamellar (layer) structure - relatively strong

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19
Q

What 2 types of mature bone are there?

A

CORTICAL - dense + compact, suitable for weight bearing + very strong
CANCELLOUS - spongy, honeycomb structure, not suitable for weight-bearing

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20
Q

Outline what compact bone provides

A

Compact bone has few spaces, provides protection, support and resists stresses produced by weight of movement.

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21
Q

Outline organisation of bone?

A

Made of repeated structural units called ‘osteons’ - have concentric lamellae around central Haversian canal

22
Q

What is the Haversian canal?

A

central canal in osteons that contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

23
Q

What are Lacunae?

A

small spaces containing osteocytes. Tiny canaliculi radiate from lacunae filled with extracellular fluid

24
Q

What is the Volkmans canal?

A

transverse perforating canals

25
Q

What are the 2 main parts of a long bone?

A

The DIAPHYSIS - the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone
The EPIPHYSIS - wider section at the end of each bone, which is filled with spongy bone

26
Q

What is the hollow region in the diaphysis called and what is it filled with?

A

medullary cavity - filled with yellow bone marrow

27
Q

What are the walls of the diaphysis composed of?

A

dense and hard compact bone

28
Q

Where does each epiphysis meet the diaphysis?

A

at the METAPHYSIS - the narrow area that contains the epiphyseal plate (growth plate - layer of hyaline cartilage in growing bone)

29
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A
  • bone development from fibrous membranes
  • forms flat bones of skull, clavicle and mandible
  • mesenchymal cell template
  • bone forms within flat sheets
30
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A
  • development of long bone from hyaline cartilage model
  • cartilage precursor forms calcified bone
  • takes longer than intramembranous ossification
  • primary ossification centre = diaphysis
  • secondary ossification centre = epiphysis
31
Q

What is interstitial growth? (epiphyseal plate facts)

A
  • long bone lengthening
    Epiphyseal plate:
  • zone of elongation in long bone
  • contains hyaline cartilage
  • epiphyseal side - hyaline cartilage active and dividing to form hyaline cartilage matrix
  • diaphyseal side - cartilage calcifies and dies and then replaced by bone
32
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

deposition of bone beneath periosteum to increase thickness

  • ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel
  • periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel
  • osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward centre of tunnel, forming new osteon
  • bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae - osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessel
33
Q

What is the role of bone in calcium homeostasis?

A

If there is less Ca2+ in blood then PTH stimulates bone resorption which increases Ca mobilisation, which increases plasma Ca
If too much Ca2+ in blood then calcitonin decreases osteoclast activity

34
Q

Main facts about tendons?

A
  • attaches skeletal muscle to bone
  • transmit muscle force to bone
  • made of collagen fibres
  • stiff and strong
35
Q

What is the microstructure of tendons?

A

Parallel arrays of collagen fibres closely packed together

- mainly collagen, very little elastin, proteoglycans and inorganic components e.g. Cu, Mn, and Ca

36
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A
  • transmit muscle forces
  • elastic energy storage/recoil
  • PG resists compressive stresses
37
Q

Main facts about collagen?

A
  • most abundant protein in human body
  • molecule is long, rigid structure
  • 3 polypeptides (referred to as alpha-chains) wound around one another
  • rope-like triple helix
  • crimping of fibres
  • non elastic behaviour
  • fibre component of connective tissue
38
Q

3 types of relevant collagen and locations?

A

TYPE I - skin, tendon, ligaments and bone
TYPE II - cartilage, vitreous body, nucleus pulposus
TYPE III - skin, vessel wall, reticular fibre of most tissues (lungs, liver, spleen)

39
Q

Main facts about ligaments?

A
  • connect bone to bone to stabilise joint
  • enable proprioception
  • have functional subunits that tighten or loosen depending on joint position
  • is not densely innervated or vascularised
  • contain some blood vessels + nerves in outer covering (epiligament)
  • contain proprioreceptors
  • transmit pain signals via type C fibres
40
Q

What does a normal ligament consist of?

A
  • 90% Type I collagen (strong)
  • 9% Type III collagen (immature, greater proportion in healing tissue)
  • 1% fibroblast cells (cells that produce collagen)
41
Q

Facts about cartilage?

A
  • acts as shock absorber to reduce friction
  • covers and protects long bones at joints
  • structural component of ribs and IV discs
  • made up of chondrocytes (produce large amounts of collagenous ECM, ground substance)
  • 3 types
  • avascular and worn down in osteoarthritis
42
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  • elastic
  • hyaline (shiny surface of bone)
  • fibrocartilage (shock-absorbing)
43
Q

3 classifications of joints

A
  • fibrous (synarthrosis): sutures, syndesmosis, interosseus membrane
  • cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis): synchondroses, symphyses
  • synovial (diarthrosis): plane, hinge, condyloid, pivot, saddle, ball + socket
44
Q

What is the most common and most mobile type of joint?

A

Synovial joints

45
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Reduce friction during movement

46
Q

2 parts of joint capsule of synovial joints?

A 
Articular capsule (outer) - keeps bones together structurally
Synovial membrane (inner) - contains synovial fluid
47
Q

What do ligaments prevent?

A

Prevent excessive movement that could damage joint

48
Q

More ligaments + tighter ligaments leads to…?

A

Greater stability but less mobility

49
Q

Less ligaments + laxer ligaments leads to…?

A

Greater mobility but less stability

50
Q

Factors affecting joint stability?

A
  • joint shape
  • ligaments
  • tendons
  • cartilage

Musculoskeletal and Rheumatology (5 decks)

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