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I've got hypertension > Lecture 1: Intro lecture > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What three things are involved in the heart acting as a pump?

A

excitation
contraction
relaxation

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2
Q

What are the two types of things that control how the heart works as a pump?

A

intrinsic and extrinsic factors

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3
Q

What are the four intrinsic things that affect the heart acting as a pump?

A

heart rate
Frank-Starling
Wall stress
Contractility

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4
Q

What are the two extrinsic things that affect the heart acting as a pump?

A

Hormones

Nervous system

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5
Q

What are the different vessels?

A

Arteries
capillaries
veins

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6
Q

What happens at the capillaries?

A

tissue perfusion

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7
Q

What are the two types of things that control the blood vessels?

A

intrinsic and extrinsic factors

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8
Q

What are the three intrinsic factors affecting the blood vessels?

A

endothelium
myogenic response
metabolic factors

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9
Q

What are the two extrinsic factors affecting blood vessel?

A

Barroreflex

haemorrhage

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10
Q

What are the different types of blood vessels in order away from the heart?

A 
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
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11
Q

How much blood is there circulating around the body?

A

4-6L blood

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12
Q

What are the three purposes of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • to have adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients
  • to remove unwanted metabolic by-products (CO2 and H+)
  • transport of substances such as drugs and hormones and heat
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13
Q

Why is diffusion not good enough?

A

Because it is too slow

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14
Q

When is diffusion necessary?

A

over short distances such as when exchanging in the lungs and tissue

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15
Q

When do we need bulk flow of blood?

A

to get it around the body

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16
Q

The cardiovascular system is two loops in _________

A

series

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the series loop of the system?

A

quick delivery to the capillaries
optimal exchange at the capillaries
quick return to the lungs

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18
Q

What are the names of the two circuits that make up the cardiovascular system and what do these each contain?

A
  • pulmonary system which contains the heart and lungs

- the systemic circuit which goes to the rest of the body

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19
Q

What surrounds the heart and what is the purpose of this?

A
  • the pericardium

- this contains water which protects the heart by cushioning it and also stops it sticking to other organs

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20
Q

In each of the systemic and pulmonary circuits there is a _________ loop

A

parallel

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21
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

cardiac muscle cells (myocardium)

22
Q

Which has thicker walls, the ventricles or the atria?

A

the ventricles

23
Q

Which is at the bottom of the heart the atria or the ventricles?

A

the ventricles

24
Q

Which is thicker, the right or left ventricle?

A

left (on the right in diagrams)

25
Q

__________ rings contain valves

A

fibrocartilaginous

26
Q

What are the two types of valves and where are these located?

A

The atrioventricular valves which go from the atria to the ventricles and the semilunar valves which go from the ventricles exit the heart

27
Q

What are the two types of atrioventricular valves called and where are these located?

A
  • mitral/bicuspid valve on the left side of the heart

- tricuspid valve on the right side of the heart

28
Q

What are the two types of semilunar valves and where are they located?

A

the aortic valve which goes from the left ventricle to the aorta
and the pulmonary valve which goes from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

29
Q

What is the purpose of the valves?

A

uni-directional blood flow

30
Q

The opening/closing of valves is _________ and is dependent on what?

A

passive

pressure

31
Q

Describe a cardiac muscle cell (5)

A
  • striated due to lots of sarcomeres
  • T-tubules are invaginations of the cell membrane
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum for Ca2+ store
  • multi nucleated
  • mitochondria for ATP for contraction
32
Q

How is the cardiac muscle attached together?

A

they are tightly coupled together via gap junctions within intercalated discs

33
Q

What is the purpose of the cells being held together by gap junctions?

A

for electrical coupling so there can be rapid movement of ions so that all the cells can contract at once

34
Q

What are the two physiological factors of the CVS?

A

cardiac output and peripheral resistance

35
Q

What are the two physical factors of the CVS?

A

arterial blood volume and arterial compliance

36
Q

What do these two types of factors affect?

A

arterial blood pressure

37
Q

MAP =

A

CO x TPR

38
Q

mmHG =

A

Lmin-1 x (mmHg/L/min)

39
Q

What is CO?

A

amount of blood leaving the heart per minute

40
Q

The same amount of blood leaves what?

A

the left and right side of the heart (but the pressure is not the same)

41
Q

What is TPR?

A

How difficult it is for the blood to move around the body

42
Q

CO =

A

SV x HR

43
Q

What is SV?

A

the volume of blood ejected from either ventricle

44
Q

What affects the TPR?

A

the raduis of the blood vessels

45
Q

When is the pressure in the heart low?

A

when it is filling

46
Q

Where is there the most extreme fluctuations in pressure?

A

in the ventricles

47
Q

When is the pressure in the ventricles really high?

A

when they are contracting

48
Q

There is a highly pulsatile change in the pressure in the ________-

A

heart

49
Q

When the blood is ejected into the blood and aorta and arteries, the pressure at diastole is

A

much higher

50
Q

The pulsatile wave dissipates going into the

A

arterioles and pressure decreases

51
Q

Where is the pressure low and non-pulsatile?

A

in the capillaries, venules and veins

52
Q

How do the arteries reduce pulsatile pressure?

A

Because of their elastic nature:
when the blood is pumped into the arteries, the elastic walls stretch and store energy and then during diastole (relax), and the arterioles control and push the blood away

I've got hypertension (47 decks)

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