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Clinical Micro > Lecture 1 Intro > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

How much of earths biomass is microorganisms and what percentage is pathogenic to humans

A

60% and 0.5%

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2
Q

How can microorganisms be grouped by the pathogenicity

A

Saprophytes
Commensals
Opportunistic pathogens
True pathogens

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3
Q

Name an example of a commensals of URT

A

Candida albicans

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4
Q

Name 3 examples of opportunistic pathogens

A 
Staphylococcus epidermidis (device related)
Candida albicans (thrush)
Ecoli (UTI)
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5
Q

How does s. Epidermidis stop pathogenic bacteria colonising skin

A

Produce fatty acids

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6
Q

In every gram of faeces how many ecoli are there

A

10^11

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7
Q

How can broad spectrum antibiotics cause thrush

A

Kill bacteria and allow yeast to grow

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8
Q

What are the 3 steps a true pathogen should do?

A

Adhere
Evade
Infect

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9
Q

Give examples of true pathogens

A

S. Aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Rhinovirus

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10
Q

Give an example of an infection that is NOT infectious

A

Urinary tract infection

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11
Q

What percentage of all deaths does infectious disease cause in developed world

A

More than 25%

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12
Q

Why has the number of TB and HIV cases risen from 2005?

A

Stop wide use of tb vaccine. Tb linked to HIV as patients with poor immune system more likely to get TB because can’t fend off infection.
TANDEM INFECTIONS.

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13
Q

What are the two common types of pneumonia infection and how many deaths does this disease cause in the uk per year

A

HAP - hospital acquired
CAP - community associated

U.K. Deaths 30,000 a year

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14
Q

Name infections of concern in developed world

A 
Pneumonia 
Tuberculosis 
GI infections 
Device related
Healthcare associated infections 
Sexually transmittted
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15
Q

Name a microorganism that causes pneumonia

A

S. pneumonieae

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16
Q

Name a microorganism that causes TB

A

M. Tuberculosis

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17
Q

Name sime microorganisms that cause gastrointestinal infections

A

Norovirus

Campylobacter

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18
Q

Name some microorganisms that cause device related infections

A

S. epidermidis

S. aureus

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19
Q

Name some microorganisms that cause HAI

A

MRSA
C. Diff
Carbapenemase-producing gram neg rods (klebsiella)

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20
Q

Name some microorganisms that cause sexually transmitted infections

A

Chylamidia trachomatis
N. gonnhoreae
Treponema pallidum

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21
Q

Name the top 5 causes why infection has spread in developed countries

A 
Ease of travel - get endemic infections of other countries
Medical interventions 
Overuse of antibiotics 
Contraceptive pill (STI)
Modern life - Grindr, drugs, alcohol
22
Q

Name the top 6 infections of concern in DEVELOPING NATIONS such as subsaharan Africa and Asia

A 
HIV 
AIDS
MALARIA
TB
DIARRHOEAL DISEASE
EBOLA
23
Q

How many percentage of worlds HIV infections, and AIDS related deaths are in developing nations

A

70% HIV

80% AIDS

24
Q

What percentage of global malaria burden is in developing nations

A

90!!

25
Q

What does 40% represent in terms of TB

A

Percentage of all cases of TB in developing world

26
Q

What are the factors increasing spread of infection in developing nations

A 
Flooding 
Poverty/overcrowding /malnutrition
Poor infrastructure for treatment 
Climate change and flooding 
Increased HIV 
Lack of education
27
Q

How can infectious diseases be classified by microorganism

A 
Bacteria
Parasites (multicellular worms, Helminths, unicellular protozoa)
Fungi
Viruses
Anthropods
28
Q

Example of gram positive bacilli

A 
C diff (anaerobic )
Bacillus anthracis (aerobic)
29
Q

Example of gram neg cocci

A

N. gonorrhoeae

30
Q

How much of Earth’s biomass is microorganisms and what percentage is pathogenic to humans?

A

60% and 0.5% of that.

31
Q

Gram neg aerobic bacilli

A

N. enterobacteria - ecoli
Pseudomonads - p. Aeruginosa
Parvobacteria - haemophilus influenzae
Vibrios- campylobacter jejuni

32
Q

Gram neg anaerobic bacilli

A

Bacteroides sp

33
Q

What conditions to bacteroides like

A

Back of throat, low oxygen levels

34
Q

Which if the following doesn’t have a cell wall?

T. Pallidum, m. Tuberculosis, m. Pneumoniae, c. Trachomatis

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

35
Q

Why are mycobacterium filamentous

A

High GC content of DNA

36
Q

What shape is microorganisms that cause syphilis

A

Spiral

37
Q

What are 2 main types of parasites

A

Protozoa and helminths

38
Q

Are Protozoa eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Unicellular eukaryotic

39
Q

Example of Protozoa

A

Giardia intestinalis

40
Q

Identify a GI parasite and a blood/tissue parasite

A

GI ascaris or giardia

Blood/tissue plasmodium sp.

41
Q

What are the two forms of Protozoa in infection

A

Trophozite - metabolically active

Cyst - spread in environment when conditions are poor

42
Q

Two types of fungi

A

Moulds and yeasts

43
Q

How to yeasts reproduce

A

Budding

44
Q

How do moulds reproduce

A

Spores

45
Q

What are branching filaments of moulds

A

Hyphae

46
Q

Example of reovirus and symptoms

A

rotavirus cause diarrhoea

47
Q

Name two RNA viruses

A

Reovirus (rotavirus)

Retrovirus (HIV)

48
Q

Name two DNA viruses

A

Herpesvirus (herpes simplex)

Papovavirus (human papillomavirus)

49
Q

What are Arthropods

A

Louse
Ticks
Mites

50
Q

Name two mechanisms on infection by arthropods

A

Directly - feed on human blood or tissue (pubic lice)

Indirectly - transmission of viruses/parasites to humans (mosquitos)

51
Q

Asia and South Africa have what percentage of the worlds HIV burden

A

70%

Clinical Micro (9 decks)

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