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Pharm S1 > Lecture 1: intro > Flashcards

Lecture 1: intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mechanism of action?

A

a cell signaling system or process that is changed/impacted by the way a drug interacts with a target molecule

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2
Q

what is a ligand

A

drug

any substance that brings about a change in biological function through its chemical actions.

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3
Q

what is a receptor

A

target molecule

a macromolecule (target molecule) in the membrane or inside of the cell that binds with a drug molecule.

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4
Q

what can a drug act as when it binds to a receptor

A

an agonist (or activator)
or
an antagonist (or inhibitor)

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5
Q

what are the criteria for drug (ligand) attachment to target molecule (receptor)

A

size, electrical charge, shape, atomic composition

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6
Q

describe the fit and effect of natural chemicals, agonist drug, and antagonist drugs at receptor site

A

Before Drug (natural chemical)- fits into receptor site and produces normal cellular activity

Agonist Drug- fits into receptor sites BETTER and produces enhanced cellular activity

Antagonist drug- fits into receptor site like a blocker and creates no cellular response, inhibits activity

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7
Q

How do drugs interact with receptors?

A

By means of chemical forces or bonds

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8
Q

Strong bonds =

A

covalent

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9
Q

ionic bonds =

A

electrostatic

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10
Q

weak bonds

A

hydrophobic

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11
Q

what determines affinity for a ligand to bind

A

the strength of the bond it holds- the stronger the bond the more attraction it has for the receptor site

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12
Q

What is drug selectivity

A

degree to which a drug acts on a given site relative to other sites
—how well a drug works at one site compared to another

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13
Q

Relatively nonselective drugs:

A

affect many different tissues or organs (e.g.,atropine- muscle relaxer- eyes, digestive tract, etc)

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14
Q

Relatively selective drugs:

A

affect targeted areas (e.g., NSAIDs such as aspirin andibuprofen only targets areas of inflammation)

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15
Q

Highly selective drugsaffect

A

a single organ or system (e.g.,digoxin- heart, increases pump efficiency for congestive heart failure, sleep aids -brain)

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16
Q

Define poisons

A

drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects.
- warfarin- used as a blood thinner but is also in rat poison so they bleed to death

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17
Q

what kind of drugs are synthesized within the body

A

hormones

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18
Q

Define toxins

A

poisons of biologic origin, synthesized by plants or animals.

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19
Q

Inorganic poisons

A

poisons such as lead or arsenic.( consist of metallic and non metallic compounds)

20
Q

what chemical shape are more than half of all useful drugs

A

chiral- 4 unique attachment sites

21
Q

How are drugs normally sold/ what are the common ideas of them

A
  • often sold as racemic mixtures of enantiomers (S and R isomers)
  • often one enantiomer is more active than the other
  • often one is more susceptible than the other to drug-metabolizing enzymes
  • as result, duration of action of one enantiomer may be quite different than the other
    -one usually active while the other is inactive
22
Q

what can’t drugs do

A

drugs cannot change the basic nature of biologic functions or create new functions
- cant exceed normal biological speed of doing things

23
Q

what can drugs speed up/slow down

A

drugs can speed up or slow down biochemical reactions but can only affect at the rate that existing biologic functions proceed
- after the maximum dose of a drug it may not help

24
Q

how will a drug reach its site of action from administration site

A

a useful drug must have the necessary properties to be transported from its site of administration to its site of action (whether it is oral, rectal, gel- must have correct chemical properties to make it into blood or path it needs to go to)

25
Q

what does a practical drug need to reach its target site and be productive

A

a practical drug should be inactivated or excreted at a reasonable rate so that its action will have enough effect once it is in its target area
( should be inactive until it reaches place you want it to occur)

26
Q

Pharmacodynamics is

A

determines the amount and variation of drug responses on the body

  • the actions of the drug on the body

(MoA, therapeutic effect, toxic effect).

27
Q

what does pharmacodynamics involve

A

receptor binding, post receptor effects, and chemical interactions

28
Q

how are many drugs classified

A

based on the basis of their primary receptor affinity

29
Q

Examples of pharmodynamics

A
  • receptors, effectors
  • dose-response curves
  • agonists, antagonist
  • signaling mechanisms
  • receptor regulation
30
Q

Pharmacokinetics (PK or ADME) describes

A

the effects of the body on drugs.
- It determines the onset, duration, and intensity of a drug’s effect.

31
Q

examples of Pharmacokinetics (actions of the body on the drug)

A
  • movement of drug in body
  • absorption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • elimination
32
Q

What is biodisposition

A

a term used to describe the processes of metabolism and excretion.

33
Q

PK and particular patients

A
  • PK aids in the choice and administration of drugs for particular patients
  • Patients PK depends on patient related factors (age, genetics, etc) and chemical properties

-individual physiology can affect PK

34
Q

what can be used to predict the PK parameters in populations?

A

patient related factors

35
Q

PK-PD chart

A
36
Q

Black box warnings are

A

meant to draw attention to a medication’s serious or life-threatening side effects or risks

37
Q

What are indications

A

reason to use a specific drug

saying that the use of a drug is for a specific disease

” diabetes is an indication for insulin”

38
Q

What are contraindictions

A

condition that serves as a reason NOT to take a certain medication (would cause harm to patient)

cautions

39
Q

off-label

A

When the indication, dose, or form of a drug is not FDA approved to treat an illness or symptoms

-might use if all other options exhausted- get consent and document everything !!

40
Q

Chemical name

A

name given when drug is first discovered
- describes the atomic or molecular structure of the drug.
-usually too complex for general use

41
Q

Generic name

A

(official name)
- is assigned, in the United States, by an official body—the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council.

-off patent

42
Q

Brand name

A

(trademark name)
- company name drug

  • gives company proprietary rights to drug ( doesn’t last forever, once expires then can be sold by other companies by different names off the shelf)

-under patent protection

-often related to drugs intended use (lopressor lowers blood pressure)

43
Q

once a drug is FDA approved what is it given

A

a generic (official) name and a brand (trademark) name

44
Q

when a drug is off patent how can it be marketed

A

by brand or generic name

45
Q

if a company files for approval to market an off patent drug what are the conditions

A

the company must use the same generic name but can create their own brand name

  • FDA must agree to proposed brand name to eliminate prescription mistakes due to similar/same drug names
46
Q

What is a prototype drug

A

a drug(s) that typifies the most important characteristics of the group of drugs.

Pharm S1 (18 decks)

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