lecture 1 intro

Question 1

how old is our planet

Answer 1

4.5 billion

Question 2

microbes are ____ and ____?

Answer 2

numerous and ubiquitous -> theyve colonized every part of our planet and have been here for a long time

Question 3

are all bacteria small and uncomplex? examples?

Answer 3

no! they can be big and complex. like myxobacteria being complex and type 4 secretion systems as an example of complex inner structure

Question 4

how do bacteria use different sources of energy?

Answer 4

by evolving their metabolism to use different energy sources

Question 5

whats an example of bacteria using organisms in symbiotic relationships?

Answer 5

nitrogen for plants to grow, do things for your guts

Question 6

how do bacteria produce or obtain metabolites they need?

Answer 6

by developing inventive chemistry and biochemistry processes in order to obtain or produce the metabolites they need

Question 7

what does developed genetics that allow adaptation mean?

Answer 7

amount of genes that have been created for viral systems means that they have been able to evolve a ton of genes that could be useful for us

Question 8

what is an extremophile?

Answer 8

bacteria that live in extreme environments

Question 9

what is a hyperthermophile and how are they possible?

Answer 9

live in near boiling temperatures, live because they have adapted biochemical tricks in order to resist protein denaturation

Question 10

what are psychrophiles?

Answer 10

bacteria that can live in very low temperatures. antarctica example with red Fe3+ stain

Question 11

what are acidophiles?

Answer 11

bacteria that live where the pH is close to 0

Question 12

what are alkaliphiles?

Answer 12

bacteria that can survive a pH range from 8.5-12

Question 13

what are halophilic microorganisms?

Answer 13

bacteria that can survive in concentration of salt up to 37%

Question 14

what is a polyextremophile?

Answer 14

bacteria that can survive extreme heat, drought, vacuum, acidity, and radiation

Question 15

how can polyextremophiles such as conan survive radiation?

Answer 15

because they have unique mechanisms of DNA repair and it can put itself back together

Question 16

what kind of bacteria is conan the bacterium and where does it get its name

Answer 16

a polyextremophile, that is virtually indestructible and have metabolisms that are resistant. it can withstand doses of ionizing radiation

Question 17

how might choanoflagellates be the beginnings of multicellularity?

Answer 17

they are unicellular organisms that make multicellular clumps in the right conditions, so it might be the birth of multicellularity

Question 18

why are parasites difficult to beat?

Answer 18

because the parasites go through many different stages of development

Question 19

what is dysbiosis?

Answer 19

when the equilibrium fails between symbiotic communities

Question 20

what is pathogenesis?

Answer 20

when one species takes over the community

Question 21

how many bacteria are in the colon?

Answer 21

3000 x 10^6/g

Question 22

rank from most to least bacteria: skin colon teeth groin

Answer 22

skin
groin
teeth
colon

Question 23

compare human genome to microbial genes in terms of gene size

Answer 23

human genome is 23k
microbial gene is 2-20 million genes