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Renal Physiology > Lecture 1 - intro > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - intro Flashcards

1
Q

How much plasma goes in the kidney ?

A

125 ml/min

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2
Q

How much plasma is filtered per day?

A

180 L per day and it goes through the whole circulatory system in about 40 mins.

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3
Q

Is there bacteria in urine?

A

There is bacteria in all urine however if there are high levels of bacteria then there usually is an infection. This is done by doing the agar test thing, and if 8-10 colonies form.

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4
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

It maintains homeostasis for solutes and water in the face of changes in dietary intake or endogenous production rate.

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5
Q

What does the kidney maintain homeostasis in?

A
  1. ) Electrolytes (sodium, pottasium, chloride)
  2. ) Water (osmolality)
  3. ) Acid-base: bicarbonate (ECFV buffer)
  4. ) Minerals (Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium)
  5. ) Waste material: urea (protein), creatinine (muscle), uric acid (nucleic acids)
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6
Q

How does the kidney maiantain homeostatsis in regards to creatinine?

A

It recycles phossphate in the muscle

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7
Q

What does an elevated level of creatinine mean?

A

It means that there is kidney failure because it is not filtering correctly.

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8
Q

Test for creatinine?

A

eGFR and based on plasma concentration of creatinine.

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9
Q

The functions of the kidney are?

A
  1. ) regulate body fluid volume
  2. ) Regulate osmotic balance
  3. ) Regulate electrolyte composition
  4. ) Regulate acid base balance (HCO3 most important base)
  5. ) Regulate blood pressure (medium to long term balance)
  6. ) Erythropoiesis
  7. ) Excretion of waste products and foreign substances
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10
Q

What are the requirments for the renal system?

A
  1. ) Process large amounts so a large surface to volume ratio
  2. ) Tight regulation with low energy cost
  3. ) Retain nutrients and excrete waste
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11
Q

Why do we need to excrete waste?

A

Because there will be mroe ammonia and so there will be more amino acids and so acids in the body will increase. Decreasing the pH.

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12
Q

What are the different structures in the kidney?

A
  1. ) Cortical radiate artery
  2. ) Afferent arteriole
  3. )Efferent arteriole
  4. ) Glomerular capillaries
  5. ) Glomerular capsule
  6. )rest of renal tube containing filtrate
  7. ) Peritubular capillary
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13
Q

What are the three major renal processes?

A
  1. ) glomerular filtration
  2. ) Tubular reabsorption
  3. ) Tubular secretion
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14
Q

What is the filtration factor?

A

20% gets filtered assuming a permeability of 1

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15
Q

What is the likelyhood of getting filtered?

A
  1. ) positive molecules
  2. ) Neutral
  3. ) Negative
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16
Q

What percentage of molecules gets secreted?

A

80 %

17
Q

How does sodium ions move to the capillary?

A
  1. ) sodium ions are reabsorbed by active transport at the tubule
  2. ) Negatively charged ions are attracted to postively charged ions
  3. ) As concentration of ions (solute) increases in plasma, osmotic pressure increases
  4. ) water moves from proximal tubule to capillary by osmosis
18
Q

What is the compostion of urine?

A
  1. ) 90-95 % water
  2. ) Other 5 % is the following things
    - Metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
    - Ions (NA+, K+, PO43-, SO42-, CA2+, MG2+)
    - toxins, pigments and hormones
19
Q

Charecteristics of urine?

A
  1. ) yellow in colour with slight aromatic or ammonia odour
  2. ) pH slightly acidic (can vary from 4.5 to 8)
  3. ) specific gravity 1.001 to 1.035
20
Q

What is a renal diagnostic procedure?

A

Urinalysis - with like a dip stick

21
Q

Disease of one rectal structure usually affects ….

A

others

22
Q

Urinary tract is especially susceptible to …..

A

bacterial infection

23
Q

What aremost glomerular diseases caused by?

A

Autoimmune reactions

24
Q

What is a common cause of kidney disease?

A

high blood pressure

25
Q

Renaltubules are metabolically very active so they are susceptible to ….. deprivation or …. damage

A

oxygen deprivation or toxic damage

26
Q

What is acute renal failure?

A

Sudden onset and there is a rapid reduction in urine output. Usually it is reversible and tubular cell death and regeneration take place.

27
Q

What is chronic renal failure?

A

progressive and is not reversible. There is nephron loss and sometimes 75% of function can be lost before it is noticeable.

28
Q

What is dialysis?

A

process of removiing waste products and excess fluids from the body. It is one of the primary modalities for peop;e with renal failure. It can do two principal functions of the kidney:

  1. ) removal of endogenous waste
  2. ) maintenance of water balance
29
Q

Who is a candidate for kidney transplant?

A

All patients with end stage kidney disease are except if they have:

  1. ) systemic malignancy
  2. ) chronic infection
  3. ) severe cardiovascular disease
  4. ) neuropsychiatric disorder
  5. ) extremes of age

Renal Physiology (10 decks)

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