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IMMUNOLOGY > LECTURE 1 (Innate and Adaptive immunity) > Flashcards

LECTURE 1 (Innate and Adaptive immunity) Flashcards

1
Q

What do Granulocytes differentiate into?

A
  • Mast cell
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Neutrophil
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2
Q

What do Agranulocytes differentiate into?

A

Lymphocytes & Monocytes

Lymphocytes
- Natural killer cells
- T-cells
- B-cells

Monocytes
- Macrophage

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3
Q

What are the roles of the immune system?

A
  • Defense against infections
  • Defines against tumours
  • Clearance of dead cells and tissue repair
  • Injure cells and induce pathologic inflammation
  • Recognises and responds to tissue grafts and newly introduced proteins
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4
Q

List examples of Cytokines

A
  • Chemokines
  • Interleukins - Tumour Necrosis Factor
  • Interferons
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5
Q

What is the difference between the Innate immune response and Adaptive immune response?

A

INNATE
- Primitive and broad
- Immediate
- Fast
- Duration is SHORT
- Unspecific
- Lower potency
- Memory
- Always present

ADAPTIVE
- Highly specific
- Approx a 3-day lag
- Slow
- Duration is LONG
- Highly specific
- Higher potency
- No memory
- Normally silent

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6
Q

What are the examples of the Innate immune system?

A
  • Skin/Mucosal barriers
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Phagocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
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7
Q

What is the progression of immune response?

A

1) Innate immune response (Antigen recognition)
2) Induction of adaptive response (Lymphocyte activation)
3) Adaptive immune response (Antigen elimination)
4) Immunological memory

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8
Q

What is the difference with the recognition between adaptive and innate immune system?

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM = contain discrete determinants -> reacts with a specific pathogen via antigen recognition

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM = broad molecular patterns -> reacts with a variety of pathogens

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9
Q

What are the properties of Macrophages and Monocytes?

A
  • Part of Innate immune system
  • First produced in bone marrow as monocytes and after they reach certain organs they become macrophages
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10
Q

What is the Macrophage function?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Cytokine release (IL-12, TNF alpha)
  • Antigen presentation
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11
Q

What are the properties of Neutrophils?

A
  • Phagocytic cells (but not able to present an antigen)
  • First cells to appear in infection site
  • Able to escape the bloodstream via the help of adhesion molecules on the endothelial surface
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12
Q

Neutrophils are attracted to the site of infection via which chemokines?

A
  • IL-8
  • C5a
  • Leukotriene B4
  • Kallikrein
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13
Q

What are the properties of Natural Killer cells?

A
  • CD56 and CD16 positive
  • Kill the cells without MHC expression
  • Take part in antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) via CD16
  • No memory formation
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14
Q

What are the properties of Eosinophils?

A
  • Plays role in allergic reaction
  • Uses Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against parasites
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15
Q

What are the properties of Basophils and Mast cells?

A
  • Originate from same stem cell lineage
  • Function in allergic reactions
  • Aggregation of several IgE molecules on the surface of the mast stem cells is a triggering mechanism for their deglutination
  • Can release histamine -> induces vasodilation
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16
Q

Which cells are part of the Adaptive immune system?

A
  • T CELLS = cellular immunity
  • CD4 HELPER CELLS = cytokine production and activation other immune cells (like CD8, T-CELLS, MACROPHAGES, NK CELLS)
  • B CELLS = humoral immunity, antibody production
17
Q

What are the functions of Adaptive immunity?

A
  • SPECIFICITY = ensures distinct antigens elicit specific responses
  • DIVERSITY = enables immune system to respond to a large variety of antigens
  • MEMORY
  • CLONAL EXPANSION = increase number of antigen-specific lymphocytes
  • SPECIALISATION = generates responses that are optimal for defence against different types of microbes
  • CONTRACTION & HOMEOSTASIS
  • NON-REACTIVITY TO SELF
18
Q

What are some Antigen presenting cells?

A
  • Dendritic cell
    [virus antigens are taken up by dendritic cell]
  • Macrophage
  • B cell
19
Q

What do Lymphocyte precursors turn into?

A
  • B CELLS (B cell -> Plasma cell)
  • T CELLS (Naive T cell -> Helper T cell + Cytotoxic T cell + Regulatory T cell)
  • NK CELLS
20
Q
A

IMMUNOLOGY (6 decks)

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