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Pathology - Block 10 > Lecture 1 - Immunopathology: Inflammaion And Cell Death > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Immunopathology: Inflammaion And Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

T-helper cells are classified as ___, and TH2 cells drive a ___-mediated response

A

CD4

Antibody

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2
Q

Identify the most likely type of necrosis to occur in the brain after a stroke

A

Liquefactive necrosis

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3
Q

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) are products of this pathway

A

Arachidonic acid

Cyclooxygenase

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4
Q

What are the 3 cardinal signs caused by histamine?

A

Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Tumor (swelling)/edema

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5
Q

Out of the 4 main cardinal signs, which one is not caused by histamine?

A

Dolor (pain)

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6
Q

What’s the Latin word for loss of function?

A

Functio laesa

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7
Q

What’s the Latin word for redness?

A

Rubor

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8
Q

What’s the Latin word for pain?

A

Dolor

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9
Q

What’s the Latin word for swelling?

A

Tumor

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10
Q

What’s the Latin word for heat?

A

Calor

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11
Q

What is pain caused by?

A

Kinins and prostaglandins (PGE2 = pain and fever)

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12
Q

What make up the most abundant population (60%) of WBCs?

A

Neutrophils

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13
Q

What are included in neutrophils?

A

Segs and PMNs

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14
Q

What are the primary leukocytes in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

What play a major role in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes

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16
Q

How many neutrophils are in the circulating pool and in the marginating pool?

A

50% in each

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17
Q

If neutrophils are parked and tethered to the vessel walls, what pool are they in, and can you count them?

A

Marginating pool

No

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18
Q

What releases neutrophils from the marginating pool?

A

Trauma of any kind

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19
Q

If someone is in a car accident, and within 30 minutes, their WBC count has doubled, how has this happened?

A

They have released the neutrophils from the marginating pool; they did not create this much in this amount of time

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20
Q

CBC counts only what kind of neutrophils?

A

Circulating

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21
Q

Neutrophil distribution is influenced by activating or inactivating what?

A

Cytokines (neutrophil adhesion molecules) = these impact selectins

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22
Q

Step 1 of acute inflammation

A

IL-1 and TNF inc endothelial expression of E-selectin and P-selectin molecules (selectins are like glue/Velcro for WBCs)

23
Q

Step 2 of acute inflammation

A

Neutrophils weakly bind to endothelial selectins and roll along the surface (go from circulating to rolling, and being slowed down in the vicinity for where the inflammation is occurring)

24
Q

Step 3 of acute inflammation

A

Neutrophils stimulated to express ligands for cellular adhesion molecules

25
Q

Step 4 of acute inflammation

A

Neutrophils adhere firmly to cellular adhesion molecules (ICAM’s and VCAM’s)

26
Q

What’s the difference between selectins and cams?

A

Selectins slow neutrophils down; CAMs stop them completely

27
Q

What’s an ICAM?

A

Intracellular adhesion molecule

28
Q

What’s a VCAM?

A

Vascular cellular adhesion molecule

29
Q

What happens in acute inflammation after step 4?

A

Neutrophils then emigrate (leave vessels to go into the tissue where the damage is) via diapedesis, migrate through the tissues via chemotaxis (using IL-8), phagocytize, degranulate and kill what has been eaten

30
Q

How are neutrophils attracted to the site of damage?

A

By IL-8 (“clean up on isle 8)

31
Q

When neutrophils go into an area and kill themselves, what do they form?

A

Pus (exudates)

32
Q

Macrophages are what? Do they kill themselves?

A

Presenters; no

33
Q

What types of cells are associated with degranulation, are located primarily in the lungs and skin, and are involved with hives and difficulty breathing?

A

Mast cells

34
Q

2 vasoactive amines that cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

A

Histamine and serotonin

35
Q

Histamines are produced by what?

A

Basophils
Platelets
Mast cells

36
Q

Serotonin is produced by what?

A

Platelets

37
Q

What are the 2 neutrophil attractants?

A

IL-8 and C5a

38
Q

What do C3a and C5a cause?

A

Degranulation of mast cells

39
Q

What are the release triggers for histamine?

A
  • IgE mast cell reactions (dock onto mast cells and basophils, causing cross-linkage, releasing histamine)
  • Anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a)
  • IL-1
40
Q

In the kinin system, activated coagulation factor XII converts ___ to ___

A

Prekallikrein

Kallikrein

41
Q

Kalikrein cleaves ___ to ___

A

High molecular weight kiininogen (HMWK)

Bradykinin

42
Q

What is bradykinin most associated with?

A

Pain

43
Q

What are the effects of bradykinin?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Pain
  • Increased vascular permeability
  • Bronchoconstriction
  • Pain
44
Q

What are the 2 main pathways of the arachidonic acid pathway?

A

Cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway

Lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway

45
Q

What are the 3 products of the COX pathway?

A
  • Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
  • Prostacyclin (PGI2)
  • Prostaglandin PGE2, PGD2, and PGF2
46
Q

What are the main produces of the LOX pathway?

A

Leukotrienes

47
Q

What are the leukotrienes most involved with and in which organ?

A

Lungs and asthma

48
Q

There are allergic triggers and inflammatory triggers to asthma. Leukotrienes are part of which of these triggers?

A

Inflammatory

49
Q

What is thromboxane A2 (TXA2) produced by, and what does it cause?

A

Platelets

Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation (clotting)

50
Q

What is postacyclin (PGI2) produced by, and what does it cause?

A

Vascular endothelium

Vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation

51
Q

What does low dose aspirin neutralize in the COX pathway?

A

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

52
Q

Why is aspirin used to neutralize TXA2?

A

To prevent platelets from being sticky and irreversibly neutralizes it (all their are reversible), to where if you want to go back, you have to completely replace the platelets

53
Q

Prostaglandin E2 causes what?

A

Pain and fever

54
Q

Prostaglandin PGE2, PGD2 and PDG2 cause what?

A

Vasodilation

Pathology - Block 10 (1 decks)

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