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MOD 7: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY > LECTURE 1: HYDROCARBONS > Flashcards

LECTURE 1: HYDROCARBONS Flashcards

HYDROCARBONS

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1
Q

What type of bonds do alkanes have?

A

Single bonds

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2
Q

What shape do four bonds around an alkane carbon have?

A

Tetrahedral

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3
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

What is the suffix for alkanes?

A

-ane

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5
Q

What type of bonds do alkenes have?

A

double bonds

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6
Q

What shape do the bonds around an alkene have?

A

trigonal planar

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7
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C functional group

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8
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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9
Q

What is the suffix for alkenes?

A

-ene

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10
Q

What type of bond do alkynes have?

A

triple bond

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11
Q

What shape do the bonds around an alkyne have?

A

linear

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12
Q

What functional group are alkynes?

A

C (triple bond) C functional group

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13
Q

What is the general formula for alkynes?

A

CnH2n-2

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14
Q

Suffix for alkynes?

A

-yne

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15
Q

For carbons in a circle what comes before the suffix?

A

‘cyclo’

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16
Q

Are alkanes polar or non-polar molecules?

A

non-polar

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17
Q

What bonds do alkanes have?

A

weak dispersion forces

18
Q

BP/MP of alkanes?

A

low MP/BP to overcome weak dispersion forces

19
Q

Solubility of alkanes

A

insoluble in water since they are non-polar and cant form strong intermolecular forces with water (only weak dispersion forces)

20
Q

What is the density, conductivity and state of alkanes.

A

Density - low
Conductivity - poor
State - stable and unreactive

21
Q

Why does the BP/MP of alkanes increase as the carbon chain increases?

A
  • larger molecules = more electrons, more instances of unequal electron sharing –> higher probability of temporary dipoles forming
    –> increases overall strength of the dispersion forces
22
Q

the four physical properties of alkenes and alkynes

A
  1. Low MP/MP
  2. Low density
  3. Insoluble in water
  4. Poor conductors in electricity

–> non-polar only have weak dispersion forces

23
Q

chemical properties of alkenes and alkynes

A
  • unsaturated molecules therefore more reactive due to double and triple bonds between carbon
24
Q

What type of reactions can alkanes undergo?

A
  • combustion (complete and incomplete)
  • substitution
25
Q

Combustion reaction**

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

26
Q

What is the condition of substitution reaction of alkanes?

A
  • react SLOWLY with chlorine (Cl2) and bromine (Br2)
  • in the presence of UV light
27
Q

What type of reactions can alkenes undergo?

A
  • combustion (complete and incomplete)
  • addition
  • hydrogenation
  • halogenation
  • hydrohalogenation
  • hydration
  • dehydration
28
Q

What happens in the addition reaction of an alkene?

A

The reaction double bond is broken to allow the carbons to bond with the compound.

29
Q

What happens in the hydrogenation of an alkene?

A
  • It’s the addition of hydrogen (H2)
  • In the presence of a Pt catalyst
  • The double bond is broke to allow more bonds with hydrogen
30
Q

What is hydrohalogenation?

A

The addition of a hydrogen halide such as HCl or HBr

31
Q

What are the conditions of hydration reaction of alkenes?

A
  • in the presence of dilute H+
  • there isnt a plus sign for anything
  • for the resultant molecule, the double bond is broken and there’s an -OH group bonded to one of the carbons
32
Q

What are the conditions of dehydration reaction of alkenes?

A
  • alkene + water –> (concentrated H2SO4 catalyst) the resultant molecule with have the water bonded to the opposite carbons. one side will have -OH and the other side will have a -H
33
Q

What reactions can alkynes undergo?

A
  • combustion (complete and incomplete)
  • addition
  • hydrogenation
  • halogenation
  • hydrohalogenation
  • hydration
34
Q

The 3 conditions of hydrogenation of alkynes and explain what happens

A
  • triple bond –> double bond
    ——–> catalyst: H2/Pt
  • double bond –> single bond
    ———> catalyst: H2/Pt
    Once the bonds are broken, allows hydrogens to be bonded
  • If you only want to go from triple to double bond, the catalyst is H2/ Lindlar’s catayst
35
Q

The process of halogenation of alkynes

A

dont put a plus sign, just an arrow with Br2 on top and the double bond will e broken and two bromines will be bonded to the remaining double bonded carbons. do this process again to get down to single carbon bonds

36
Q

what is the condition for the hydrogen atom in the process of hydrohalogenation of an alkyne

A

the hydrogen from the the catalyst will bond to the carbon atom that has the closest hydrogen to it.
“Hydrogen hangs with his homies”

37
Q

what are the catalysts for hydration of alkynes?

A

dilute HgSO4 and H2SO4
it should look like
H2O, H2SO4/ HgSO4

38
Q

what is the product of hydration reaction of alkyne?

A

a carbonyl compound (C=O)
–> meaning that the process immediately breaks 2 of the three bonds

39
Q

What is the process that oil refineries undertake to make higher demand oils

A

cracking

40
Q

List the disadvantages of using hydrocarbons in fuel?

A
  • CO2 is produced from the complete combustion of hydrocarbons
  • contributes to the ENHANCED greenhouse effect
  • leads to rise in global temps
  • detrimental climate change
  • rising sea levels

MOD 7: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2 decks)

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