Lecture 1: Homeostasis

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

Maintenance of a constant internal environment via adaptive responses

Question 2

Characteristics of homeostasis

Answer 2

Optimum concentration, temp, and pressure

Question 3

Stress

Answer 3

stimuli that messes with constant environment

Question 4

Cation most abundant EC

Answer 4

Na+

Question 5

Cation most abundant IC

Answer 5

K+

Question 6

Anion most abundant EC

Answer 6

Cl-

Question 7

Feedback loop

Answer 7

Situation where information is constantly being reported to a central control sys

Question 8

Negative feedback loop

Answer 8

Change in parameter that causes a response to return parameter to normal; stabilizing

Question 9

Positive feedback loop

Answer 9

Change in parameter that intensifies change to go in same direction; destabilizing

Question 10

Gain

Answer 10

Degree of effectiveness that a control system maintains constant conditions

Question 11

Correction

Answer 11

Amount control system is able to counter (Difference between the final conditions)

Question 12

Error

Answer 12

Amount that could not be controlled by control sys (difference between final and initial conditions in CONTROL sys)

Question 13

Equation for gain

Answer 13

Gain=correction/error

Question 14

Separates EC and IC environments

Answer 14

Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

Question 15

Proteins on either side of membrane or through entirely

Answer 15

Integral protein

Question 16

Proteins loosely attached to membrane surface

Answer 16

Peripheral protein

Question 17

Proteins attached to membrane by glycophosphatidylinositol

Answer 17

GPI-anchored proteins (peripheral type)

Question 18

Membrane component that is not flexible and reduces membrane fluidity

Answer 18

Cholesterol

Question 19

Plasma membrane functions

Answer 19

1. Selective filter
2. barrier
3. communicates between cell and environment
4. endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 20

Membrane-bound organelles (6)

Answer 20

1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. ER
4. Golgi
5. Lysosomes
6. Peroxisome and endosomes

Question 21

Endosome

Answer 21

pinocytosis and phagocytosis; clathrin-coated vesicles form a vesicle around substance that needs to be digested

Question 22

Digestion mech

Answer 22

(Functions in low ph; has H-ion pumps)

1. Lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicle.
2. Whatever is not dissolves (residual body) by lysosome with be exocytosed out of cell

Question 23

2 organelles who’s function is in synthesis

Answer 23

ER (proteins) and Golgi (lysosomes)

Question 24

Destinations for protein synthesized from RER with ribosomes attached

Answer 24

Lysosome or secretion

Question 25

Destinations for proteins synthed on free ribosomes

Answer 25

Mitochondria, nucleus, cytoplasm or other cell membranes

Question 26

Functions of the Golgi app

Answer 26

1. packages protein for secretion
2. modifies protein from the RER
3. Forms lysosomes

Question 27

Where is energy produced in the cell? (2)

Answer 27

Cytoplasm (glycolysis) and mitochondria (Krebs and ETC)

Question 28

Glycolysis

Answer 28

Glc to pyr acid/lactic acid; no oxy; small ATP produced; ctyoplasm

Question 29

Krebs and ETC chain

Answer 29

Only in mitochondria; Pyr acid to CO2 and H2O; large amount ATP; Oxy is final e- receptor

Question 30

2 other sources that can be used to generate E

Answer 30

Amino acids and fatty acids to acetoacetic acid which is incorporated into the mitochondria

Question 31

3 ways movement occurs in the cell

Answer 31

1. amoeboid movement (crawling-like; macrophages)
2. Cilia (moves materials, ex mucus) and flagella (moves cells)
3. Microtubules (tracks for cargo transport)