lecture 1 - History and Definition Flashcards
Define immunity
a condition of being able to resist a particular disease especially through preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products
define immunology
a science that deals with the immune system and the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity and immune responses
what disease is the first recorded attempt at immunization?
leishmaniasis, i.e., Leishmanization
What did Thucydides discover in 430 BC?
that those who had recovered from the plague could nurse the sick because they would not contact the disease a second time
what were/are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Redness
- Swelling
- Heat
- Pain
define variolation
deliberate inoculation of an uninfected person with the virus to induce immunity
what was Edward Jenners hypothesis?
that prior infection with cowpox (mild disease) precluded infection with small pox (severe/fatal disease)
what was the main significance of Jenner’s work?
first attempt to control an infectious disease by the deliberate use of vaccination
why was smallpox an exception in vaccination?
most disease cannot be prevented by infection with a closely related illness
Who is John Snow?
one of the founding fathers of epidemiology who discovered that the source of the 1856 Cholera outbreak was a public well, which when removed, ended the epidemic
what causes wounds to go septic?
microbes
what are Koch’s postulates?
- the infectious agent should be present in only animals suffering from the disease, and should not be present in healthy animals
- the organism must be cultured in pure culture away from the animal body
- when the culture is inoculated into susceptible animals, it should initiate the characteristic disease symptoms
- the organism should be re-isolated from the experimental animals and cultured again in the lab, after which it should be the same as the original organism
what principle did Louis Pasteur introduce?
the principle of heat-attenuated anthrax bacillus as a method of vaccination
what was the first live attenuated vaccine that was given to a human?
the rabies vaccine, given by Louis Pasteur
what is the phagocytosis theory?
immunity due to phagocytosis of infectious agent.
Led to the concept of cell-mediated immunity
