Lecture 1- History

Question 1

Donders experiments on RT led to which approach?

Answer 1

Cognitive subtraction

Question 2

Descartes suggested the mind and body interacted at which gland?

Answer 2

Pineal gland

Question 3

Who supported functional localisation?

Answer 3

Brodmann, Broca, Wernicke

Question 4

Who’s a dualist and what is it?

Answer 4

Descartes
Body = brain / Mind is separate
Those with mental illness lost connection between brain and mind

Question 5

Who was the first to describe differences in cytoarchitecture?

Answer 5

Brodmann

Question 6

What did Gall support?

Answer 6

Phrenology and localisation of function (1800)

Question 7

Who coined the term psychophysics? what is it?

Answer 7

Fechner & Weber

Describes the study of how humans perceive physical magnitudes

Question 8

Weber-Fechner Law

Weber Fraction

Answer 8

The Just Noticeable Difference is constant and proportional to the initial stimuli
One can detect a 10% change between two stimuli

Question 9

Absolute Thresholds

Answer 9

Minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect stimulus

Question 10

Difference Thresholds

Answer 10

Minimum difference needed to detect difference between two stimuli

Question 11

Ebbinghaus (1885)

Answer 11

The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve - shows forgetting is not a linear process
Showed recency and primacy effect

Question 12

What is Structuralism?

Answer 12

Wundt (1879)
Study of the elements of consciousness
Idea that consciousness can be broken down into basic elements
Much like the periodic table

Question 13

What is Functionalism?

Answer 13

William James (1890)
Considers mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to the person’s eviroment
Challenge to Structuralism
Precursor to behaviourism

Question 14

What is Behaviourism?

Answer 14

Watson (1913) - classical and operant conditioning

Study of behaviour, not consciousness

Question 15

Who challenged Behaviourism?

Answer 15

Tolman (1938) - showed that rats had internal map of maze

Chomsky (1959)

Question 16

What did Broadbent develop and upon who’s was it based?

Answer 16

Devloped a computer like process of mental attention (1958) based on Cherry’s (1953) dichotic listening task

Question 17

The neuron doctrine?

Answer 17

The concept that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells - (Cajal- led to the finding of the synapse)

Question 18

Golgi stains?

Answer 18

Only stained 1/20 neurons

Slide appeared to show masses of interconnected tubes - against localisation

Question 19

Equipotentiality

Answer 19

Karl Lashley - The apparent capacity of any intact part of a functional brain to carry out… the [memory] functions which are lost by the destruction of [other parts]”
In other words, the brain can co-opt other areas to take over the role of the damaged part

Question 20

Who invented EEG?

Answer 20

Berger, 1924

Question 21

Who confirmed Hans Berger’s EEG findings?

Answer 21

Adrian and Matthews, 1934

Question 22

Tennis coma study?

Answer 22

Monti et al., 2010

Question 23

Representation of the visual world?

Answer 23

Wandell et al., 2007

Question 24

Representation of the body?

Answer 24

Penfield and Jasper, 1954

Question 25

Representations of the spatial environment?

Answer 25

O’Keefe, 1971

Question 26

Hierarchal top-down processing? (vision and somatosensory)

Answer 26

Felleman and Van Essen, 1991

Question 27

Two streams hypothesis?

Answer 27

Milner and Goodale, 1995

Question 28

“neural network of frontal lobe areas acts as a central bottleneck of information processing that severely limits our ability to multitask”

Answer 28

Dux et al 2006