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Behavioral Neuroscience > Lecture 1: History > Flashcards

Lecture 1: History Flashcards

1
Q

True or False:
The average human only uses 10% of their brain

A

False

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2
Q

True or False:
Our brains can never grow new cells/neurons

A

False

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3
Q

True or False:
People are either left-brained (logical) or right-brained (creative)

A

False

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4
Q

Biological Psychology

A
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • The study of biological bases of psychological processes and behavior
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5
Q

Neuroscience

A

The study of the nervous system

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6
Q

Biological psychology can help to understand ____ and devise ____.

A
  • brain disorders
  • treatments
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7
Q

Early Egyptians and Greeks, including Aristotle, first thought that…

A

the heart was the seat of mental capacities

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8
Q

Galen
1. Who was he?
2. What did he report?
3. What did he believe? (2)

A
  1. “Father of Medicine”
  2. Reported behavioral changes in brain-injured gladiators
    • Believed a fluid or force called “animal spirits” traveled along the body’s nerves
    • Believed moods were caused by imbalances of body fluids (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)
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9
Q

Renaissance artists were interested in the brain..

A

Da Vinci pioneered aspects of anatomical drawing

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10
Q

What did Rene Descartes propose (1) and what did he encourage (1).

A
  • Proposed the concept of spinal reflexes and their neural pathways
  • Encouraged scientific thinking about body processes
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11
Q

How does Rene Descartes describe the reflex of pain?

A
  • Described the reflex of pain as literally causing a cord to be pulled within the body, that would ring a metaphorical “bell” in the brain to make the brain aware of pain and be able to respond
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12
Q

Rene Descartes’ view on dualism vs monism (3)

A
  • argues that there is a two-way interaction between mental and physical substances
  • proposed the pineal gland as the “seat of the soul” - that the mind interacts with the body at the pineal gland
    –> why? Because it is not bilateral and he (mistakenly) believed it only exists in humans
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13
Q

Dualism

A
  • the view that the mind and body both exist as separate entities

MATTER - MIND

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14
Q

Materialism (Monism)

A
  • holds matter to be the fundamental substance in nature

MATTER > Mind

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15
Q

Idealism (Monism)

A
  • holds that consciousness is the ground of all being

Matter < MIND

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16
Q

Neutral Monism

A
  • believing the fundamental nature of reality to be neither mental nor physical; in other words it is “neutral”

3rd SUBSTANCE > Matter&Mind

17
Q

Phrenology
(2)

A

-In the 19th century, phrenology assigned separate functions to cortical areas

-Bumps on the skull were thought to overlie enlarged brain regions which were then matched to behaviors

18
Q

What did opponents say about Phrenology?

A
  • Opponents to this localization of function said the brain works as a whole
19
Q

What did phrenology get right?

A
  • the brain is responsible for our mental functions, thoughts, personality traits
20
Q

What is the problem with phrenology?

A

The skull has nothing to do with the shape of your brain

21
Q

Paul Broca

A
  • showed that language ability is restricted to a small area, based on a patient with damage in that region
22
Q

Phineas Gage (5)

A
  • Born 1823, died 1860
  • Survived severe frontal lobe trauma from railroad accident
  • Before: soft-spoken, friendly
  • After: Irritable, profane, poor impulse control
  • First case to suggest role of frontal lobe in personality
23
Q

Are brain functions localized or holistic? (2)

A

-Both

  • Parts of the brain are relatively more active during some functions than others; much of the brain is engaged during any given task
24
Q

Scientists recognized that there was a relationship between…

A

brain size and intellectual ability across primates

25
Q

Sir Francis Galton (2)

A
  • invented the correlation coefficient to see if there was a relationship between head size and intelligence
  • although he found no relationship, other 19th century scientists measured skull volumes as a better indicator of brain size
26
Q

19th century scientists were interested in the relationship between…

A

head/brain size and intelligence to support racist, eugenics-influenced theories

27
Q

Researchers need to be aware of …

A

implicit and explicit bias in research

28
Q

More recent study, using more direct measures of brain size (MRI) show…

BUT…

A
  • show a slight positive correlation between brain size and IQ scores
  • BUT… a stronger relationship is between gray matter (amount of connections in brain) and IQ

Behavioral Neuroscience (2 decks)

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