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haematology > lecture 1- haemopoiesis > Flashcards

lecture 1- haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

define haematology

A

study of blood

diagnosis and monitoring of diseases of blood and blood forming organs

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2
Q

what is an FBC

A

full blood count

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3
Q

state the 4 measured parameters

A

RBC count

WBC count

platelets

MCV (mean cell volume)

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4
Q

state the calculated parameters

A

HCT (haematocrit) or PCV (packed cell volume)

MCH (mean cell Hb)

MCHC (mean cell Hb concentration)

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5
Q

state the other blood tests available

A

blood films

ESR- erythrocyte sedimentation rate

plasma viscosity

coagulation screening

haemoglobin variant detection

molecular testing

point of care testing

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6
Q

state the 4 haematinic assays

A

iron

ferritin

B12

folic acid

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7
Q

define haemopoiesis

A

process by which cellular elements of blood are formed

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8
Q

what are the 3 main components of the blood, briefly state their functions too

A

red blood cells- carry oxygen

white blood cells- prevention and recovery from disease

platelets- function in blood clotting

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9
Q

what is the structure and function of red blood cells

A

most numerous cell type

bi-concave disc

contain haemoglobin

carry oxygen from lungs and tissue

transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

survival- 110-120 days

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10
Q

how many types of white blood cells in blood

name them all

A

5

lymphocytes

monocytes

neutrophils

basophils

eosinophils

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes and why are they named this

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

contain granules in their cytoplasm

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12
Q

describe structure/function of a neutrophil

A

fight against bacterial infection
pus cells
phagocytic

7 hour half life in circulation

3 lobes
fine faint granules
pus cells

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13
Q

describe structure/function of an eosinophil

A

2 lobes
coarse orange granules

release histamine in allergic reactions
regulate hypersensitivity reactions
effector cells for Ab dependent damage to parasites

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14
Q

describe structure/function of a basophil

A

2 lobes
dark coarse azurophillic granules containing enzymes

moderate inflammatory responses
release heparin and proteases

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15
Q

describe structure/function of a lymphocyte

A

fight viral infection
produce antibodies
circulate between blood and lymphatic system
variable life span- few hours to 4/5 years in circulation

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16
Q

describe structure/function of a monocyte

A

fight bacterial infection
phagocytose bacteria and cells coated with antibodies
precursors of tissue macrophages
lifespan 70 hours

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17
Q

state structure/function of platelets

A

2nd most numerous cell type in blood
small discoid structures
lifespan 7-10 days in circulation
important in blood clotting (haemostasis)
form plug at site of injury (primary haemostasis)
initiate secondary haemostasis

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18
Q 
where is the site of haemopoiesis in a:
2 week embryo
12-16 week embyo
at birth
adult
A

2 week embryo- yolk sac
12-16 week embryo- liver and spleen
birth- bone marrow (all bones)
adult- proximal ends of bones, flat bones (e.g. sternum), pelvis, vertebrae

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19
Q

what is the difference between red and yellow marrow

A

red marrow- active

yellow marrow- inactive

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20
Q

haemopoiesis involves which 3 processes

A

proliferation- multiplication

differentiation- change form

apoptosis- programmed cell death

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21
Q

what regulates haemopoiesis

how does it do that

A

growth factors

by inhibiting apoptosis

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22
Q

what are the 2 main classes of growth factors

A

colony stimulating factors

interleukins

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23
Q

what are haemopoietic growth factors

what are they produced by

A

glycoproteins

stromal cells
T lymphocytes
liver
kidney

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24
Q

where to all blood cells develop from

A

HSC- haemopoietic stem cell

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25
Q

what is a HSC (haemopoietic stem cell)

A

cell located in bone marrow which gives rise to all other blood cells

derived from mesoderm (found in early stages of embryonic development)

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26
Q

what is special about a haemopoietic stem cell

A

cell can differentiate into different lineages

appearance of small lymphocyte

ability to self renew

can find its way back to bone marrow

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27
Q

what is the exact phenotype of a haemopoietic stem cell

A

eact phenotype unknown

CD34+
CD38-
negative lineage specific

28
Q

what are the stages in haemopoietic cell development

A

renewal

stem cells pool

differentiation

lineage selection

maturation

function

cell death (apoptosis)

29
Q

what is erythropoiesis

A

red cell production

30
Q

how is erythropoiesis regulated

A

by erythropoietin- hormone produced in kidney

feedback mechanism

31
Q

what is the earliest erythroid precursor and where is it found

A

pronormoblast (proerythroblast)

in bone marrow

32
Q

what are the 3 division of normoblasts

A

get progressively smaller

early
intermediate
late

33
Q

in which red cells is the nucleus extruded

A 
reticulocyte- contains ribosomal RNA
mature erythrocyte (red cell)
34
Q

why do red cells have a biconcave disc (flexible membrane)

A

so they can pass through capillary microtubules

35
Q

what is the red cell circulation time

A

110-120 days

36
Q

what is the cause of death in red cells

A

loss of red cell enzymes which maintain shape and flexibility

37
Q

which organs are responsible for the destruction of red cells

what happens to cellular content

A

bone marrow, spleen and liver

recycled (protein, lipid and iron)

38
Q

how are haemoglobin breakdown products excreted

A

through liver, faeces and urine

39
Q

what are RBCs unable to do

A

traverse endothelial membrane

40
Q

what are granulopoiesis and monopoiesis

A

production of granulocytes and monocytes from common myeloid precursor cells

41
Q

how is granulopoiesis and monopoiesis regulated

A

by combined actions of haemopoietic growth factors

IL3- neutrophils, monocytes and basophils

GM-CSF granulocyte- macrophage colony stimulating factor

IL5- eosinophils

42
Q

what is the process in terms of cell production to get a mature granulocyte

A 
myeloblast
promyelocyte
myelocyte
metamyelocyte
band forms
mature granulocyte
43
Q

what is the process in terms of cell production to get a blood monocyte

A 
monoblast
promonocyte
marrow monocyte
blood monocyte
tissue macrophage
44
Q

how long do blood monocytes have in circulation

A

20-40 hours

45
Q

describe structure and function of blood monocytes

A

mononuclear, greyish cytoplasm

phagocytose and destroy bacteria

46
Q

how is lymphopoiesis regulated

A

by IL 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7

47
Q

what is the process in terms of cell production to get a small lymphocyte

A

lymphoblast
prolymphocyte
large lymphocyte
small lymphocyte

48
Q

what are the 2 types of lymphopoiesis

A

B lymphopoiesis

T lymphopoiesis

49
Q

how do lymphocytes develop

A

lymphoid stem cells in marrow generate B or T-cell lymphocyte progenitors

50
Q

how are B cells produced

A

undergo maturation in marrow

migrate via blood to peripheral lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes and spleen)

51
Q

how are T cells produced

A

progenitors produced in marrow
migrate from marrow via blood to thymus
T-cells mature in thymus
T-cells then migrate to peripheral lymphoid organs

52
Q

explain the function of B cells

A

responsible for humoral immunity
carry surface receptors which recognise and bind foreign antigens
trigger cell proliferation into plasma cells
secrete antibodies against foreign antigen
produced rapid response to further contact with inducing antigen

53
Q

explain the function of T cells

A

responsible for cellular immunity
T cell activation is antigen specific
antigen must be processed and presented by macrophages for activation to occur

54
Q

what are the 5 main subsets of T lymphocytes

A 
T helper
T memory
T cytotoxic
T regulator
natural killer
55
Q

what is thrombopoiesis

A

platelet development

56
Q

why is thrombopoiesis important

A

blood clotting
forms platelet plug at site of injury
initiates secondary haemostasis

57
Q

what regulates thrombopoiesis

A

thrombopoietin

58
Q

what are the main functions of platelets

A

interact with von willibrands factor- form initial barrier to blood loss
allow platelet to platelet aggregation to form thrombus
provide negatively charged lipid surface to support coagulation
localise thrombus formation
promote vasoconstriction
promote vessel repair

59
Q

what is the process in terms of cell production to get a platelet formed in thromobopoiesis

A

megakaryoblast
promegakaryocyte
megakaryocyte
platelets

60
Q

explain the process of thrombopoiesis

A

DNA replication without nuclear/cell division

cell progressively larger with each complete cycle of endomitosis

large uninucleate cells with 64n DNA

large numbers of platelets produced in cytoplasm of mature megakaryocyte

rapdily discharged into bone marrow

bare nucleus of megakaryocyte is phagocytosed by macrophages

take 2-3 days

each megakaryocyte produces 2000-7000 platelets

61
Q

explain structure and function of a platelet

A

anucleate fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm

small discoid shape

circulate in blood (dormant/resting state)

capable of rapid response to vessel injury

shape/size results in them circulating towards edges of blood vessels

crucial in blood clotting (primary haemostasis)

62
Q

what are the 3 events of primary haemostasis

A

platelet activation

platelet adhesion

platelet aggregation

63
Q

what do the 3 events of primary haemostasis lead to

A

formation of plug of platelets

initiate process of secondary haemostasis

64
Q

why is secondary haemostasis required

A

platelet plug alone insufficient to stem blood loss

needs to be reinforced by series of biochemical reactions

65
Q

what does secondary haemostasis do

A

tranforms soluble fibrin to meshwork of insoluble fibrin

intertwines with cellular components of forming thrombus

forms supporting scaffold

haematology (3 decks)

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