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DMS 1602 -Echocardiololgy I : Lecture > Lecture 1 - Gross Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Gross Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Echocardiogram?

A

A live action insight on what is going on with your heart. It assesses abnormalities in the heart muscle, valves, and can show pathology.

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2
Q

What is the narrow tip of the heart called?

A

The Apex

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3
Q

What is the wider , back portion of the heart called?

A

The base

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4
Q

What shape is the heart?

A

A cone

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5
Q

Which direction does the heart sit in relation to the sternum?

A

Just left of the sternum.

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6
Q

The heart is covered by a thick sac known as the?

A

Pericardium or Pericardial sac

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7
Q

What is found inside the pericardial sac

A

A small amount of fluid that helps with friction when the heart contracts

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8
Q

Define Pericardium or Pericardial sac

A

The fibrous and stretchy covering of the heart that holds a small amount of fluid.

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9
Q

Why is the Pericardial Sac stretchy?

A

So it cal hold a large amount of fluid in the case of a pericardial effusion.

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10
Q

The human heart has how many halves?

A

2

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11
Q

The human heart has how many chambers?

A

4

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12
Q

The human heart has how many valves?

A

4

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13
Q

What are the small receiving chambers of the heart called?

A

The atria

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14
Q

What are the large and more muscular chambers called?

A

The ventricles

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15
Q

What does the heart lie underneath?

A

The sternum (or breast bone)

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16
Q

What is the Mid Clavicular Line?

A

An imaginary line at the 5th intercostal space where the tip of the Apex rests.

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17
Q

Define PMI, where is it located?

A

Point of Maximum Impact, located at the Mid Clavicular Line at the 5th intercostal space on the left side.

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18
Q

Where does the Apex lie?

A

At the PMI, or Mid Clavicular Line at about the 5th Intercostal space on the left side of the sternum.

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19
Q

What is the cavity called that the heart resides in?

A

The Thoracic Cavity

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20
Q

Why does breathing effect your image?

A

Breathing effects an image because the heart lies just on top of the diaphragm, which is the muscle responsible for breathing.

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21
Q

Where is the best location to listen to the heart?

A

The PMI

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22
Q

Where is the Mitral Valve located?

A

At the Apex, or Mid Clavicular Line around the 5th intercostal space on the left side of the sternum.

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23
Q

What area of the heart is not covered by the Pericardial Sac?

A

The Left Atrium and the Great Vessels, the Pulmonary Artery and the Aorta.

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24
Q

Why is it helpful that the Pericardial Sac does not cover all areas of the heart?

A

It comes in handy for heart transplants because it gives and area for the surgeon to sew in the new heart to the old.

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25
Q

What is the main purpose of a valve?

A

To keep blood moving in one direction without having any back flow.

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26
Q

What is the main purpose of the heart?

A

The heart acts as a pump to keep blood oxygenated and circulating throughout the body.

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27
Q

The heart is a _____ organ.

A

muscular

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28
Q

SVC

A

Superior Vena Cava, vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body and empties into the Right Atrium.

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29
Q

IVC

A

Inferior Vena Cava, a vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body and empties into the Right Atrium.

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30
Q

The vessel the bifurcates into Right and Left and carries deoxygenated blood from the Right Ventricle to the lungs?

A

The Pulmonary Artery

31
Q

How is an Artery different than a vein? What is the exception to this?

A

An artery is a vessel that holds more pressure and carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. A vein is a vessel with very little pressure that carries deoxygenated blood away from the body and into the heart.

The exception is that the Pulmonary Artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart, or right atrium to be specific, to the lungs and the Pulmonary Veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, or Left Atrium to be specific.

32
Q

What is the space called that seperates the two layers of the pericardial sac?

A

Pericardial Cavity

33
Q

What is the name of the outermost layer of the pericardium?

A

parietal pericardium

34
Q

What is the name if the innermost layer of the pericardial sac?

A

visceral pericardium

35
Q

Describe the anatomy of the parietal pericardium

A

Consists of an outer layer of thick fibrous connective tissue and an inner serous layer that secretes a small amount of fluid (25-35mL) and helps with movement of the heart during its contractions.

36
Q

What is another name for the visceral pericardium?

A

epicardium

37
Q

What is the outermost layer of the heart?

A

The epicardium or visceral pericardium

38
Q

Describe the anatomy of the visceral pericardium

A

Made of lots of elastic fibers and contains the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart wall. Also contains larger veins that carry blood from the heart wall.

39
Q

What is the name of the vessels that carry blood to the heart wall?

A

The coronary arteries

40
Q

How many layers make up the heart wall?

A

3

41
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall in order from outermost to innermost?

A

Epicardium- Outermost layer that surrounds the heart
Myocardium- Middle muscular layer
Endocardium- Inner lining of the heart chambers.

42
Q

What heart layer lines the chambers?

A

Endocardium

43
Q

What is the middle muscle layer of the heart wall?

A

Myocardium

44
Q

IVS

A

Intraventricular Septum

45
Q

IAS

A

Intra-atrial Septum

46
Q

What structure separates the LA and the RA?

A

IAS, Intra-atrial Septum

47
Q

What structure separates the ventricles of the heart?

A

IVS, intraventricular Septum

48
Q

Which is thicker, IVS or IAS?

A

The IVS is thicker, the IAS is thinner.

49
Q

Which chambers and valves are located on the right side of the heart?

A

Right atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, and Pulmonary Valve

50
Q

Which cambers and valves are located on the left side of the heart?

A

Left atrium, Mitral Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Valve

51
Q

Each half of the heart include ___ chambers and ___ valves

A

2 chambers, 2 valves

52
Q

What is the percentage of oxygen in the blood when it arrives in the RA

A

75% oxygenated (poor)

53
Q

What vessels empty blood into the RA?

A

The IVS and the AVS. (Intraventricular Septum and Intra-atrial Septum)

54
Q

What are the pressures in the RA

A

0-5 mmHg (millimeters of mercury)

55
Q

Which chamber is the smallest with the thinnest walls and lowest pressures?

A

RA (Right Atrium)

56
Q

Which chamber receives blood from the myocardium?, Does it receive deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?

A

The RA (Right Atrium) receives deoxygenated blood, about 75% oxygenated, from the body and the myocardium.

57
Q

Eustachian Valve

A

Remnant of fetal circulation that covers the IVC in the RA. that can sometimes be seen on an echocardiogram.

58
Q

Where is the SVC located in the RA

A

On the roof or superior aspect of the RA

59
Q

Where is the IVC located in the RA

A

Drains into the floor of the RA

60
Q

The Eustachian Valve covers which vessel?

A

IVC

61
Q

Chiari Network

A

A fetal remnant from the sinus venous that is web like and can sometimes be seen in the RA on an echo.

62
Q

In which chamber can the Chiari Network be seen in?

A

The Right Atrium

63
Q

Where is the first place on an echo you will see a Chiari Network if applicable?

A

The RV Tilt.

64
Q

Ostia

A

Opening

65
Q

Where is the Coronary Sinus located?

A

Right Atrium (RA)

66
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

A hole or ostia in the RA where blood is emptied from the myocardium into the RA.

67
Q

Thesbian Valve

A

Small thin structure that covers the coronary sinus and is not visible by ultrasound

68
Q

What is the name of the structure that covers the coronary sinus?

A

The Thesbian Valve

69
Q

Can you see the Thesbian Valve on Echo?

A

No

70
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

prominent ridges within the myocardium that line the RA. and atrial appendages.

71
Q

Does the LA have Pectinate muscles in its myocardium?

A

No

72
Q

Why the the RA have Pectinate muscles by the LA does not?

A

The RA has the has the lowest pressure of all the chambers and the Pectinate muscles help move blood forward.

73
Q

Atrial appendages

A

Horn like structures that are located on the RA and LA that contain pectinate muscles. They are a common location for blood clots.

74
Q

What groove is the coronary sinus located in?

A

The Av Groove (Atrioventricular Groove) that wraps around the heart.

DMS 1602 -Echocardiololgy I : Lecture (1 decks)

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