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Preet psy 302 > Lecture 1 Goals and Methods > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Goals and Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What are the the goals of developmental science

A
  1. Describing
  2. Explaining
  3. Applying
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2
Q

What is the first goal of developmental science

A
  • describing
  • it is to understand the nature (abrupt vs slow) and variation of developmental changes across childhood in children

for example
- when do babies start babbling, producing words, reaching full vocab
- what does a one-year-old do compared to a certain age
- most theoretical works is based on descriptive work and describe what children were doing.

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3
Q

Whats describing developmental

A
  • to understand developmental changes across childhood, the nature of these changes ( abrupt vs slow) and variation in skills in children
  • like when do babies start babbling, producing words, reaching full vocab
  • what does a one-year-old do compared to a certain age
  • Major theoretical works is based on descriptive work and describe what children were doing.
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4
Q

what are quantitative changes

A
  • gradual changes in the amount, frequency, or degree of behaviours
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5
Q

what are qualitative changes

A

a progression through a sequence of distinct changes
- like the frog’s growth is characterized by
unique stages. When the frog egg hatches, it is a tadpole that swims, feeds on algae, you cant meaurer frogs chnages by quantitives
- another exmaple of qualitative changes is puberty

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6
Q

What are some over all differences amongst children in development.

A

1) individual differences
2) apox age when skills emerge
3) course of change over time

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7
Q

what are some individual differences

A
  • age of onset
  • rate of changes
  • the form skills
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8
Q

Whats age of onset? Provide some examples

A
  • The approximate age when skills emerge
  • like first words, first steps, first signs of puberty ( 11 or 12 yr)
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9
Q

whats rate of change? provide an example

A
  • course of change overtime, like vocabulary development
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10
Q

what is of form of skills and provide some examples

A
  • what behaviours look like in children with diverse experiences
  • example; Counting: although people assume this skill to be universal, the
    Pirahã people appear to lack number concepts
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11
Q

whats apox age when skills emerge

A

First words, first steps, first signs of puberty

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12
Q

whats course of change over time

A

example,
vocaulary development

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13
Q

Can we predict future development based on present
development?

A

its a matter of stability vs. Plasticity

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14
Q

What is stability?

A

Wheter children who are relatively high or low on certain characteristics or behaviour at a particular point in time are also relativley low or high at other times

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15
Q

give an example of stability

A

children with difficulties regulating their emotions in infancy display difficulties regulating emotions years later

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16
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The impressive capacity of humans to adapt to changing environments and experiences

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17
Q

example of plasticity

A

adoption studies reveal remarkable malleability in child development:
- children who were adopted out of impoverished environments caught up to their peers who had never been in impoverished environments

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18
Q

are there any limits to plasticity?

A
  • yes, like the case of children living in orphanages who werent adopted till after 18 months of age and continued to experince behavioral problems that were difficult to reverse for many years
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19
Q

what is the second goal of development psychology

A

Explaining Development

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20
Q

Whats explaining development

A

to identify factors that contribute to developmental change in children as a group to individual differences

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21
Q

what is nature

A

childs biological makeup, the genes inherited from parents.
- includes:
- biological characteristics like arms legs
- unique characteristics like physical appearence such as eye colour, height, hair colour etc)
-personality like extraversion, agreeableness and openness

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22
Q

what is nurture

A

range of environmental contexts and experiences that influence development
- like: family, childcare, school, neighbourhood and culture

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23
Q

what is a Developmental Cascades?

A

The idea that change of one
kind can have positive or
negative cascading ( like a waterfall flowing) effects,
setting other kinds of changes
in motion, both immediately
and at later ages

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24
Q

what are cascades within time?

A

concurrent influences that occur across diff domains and or between the developing child and the child’s environment and experiences

for example: language skills and emotional regulation
- Infant temperament and parental sensitivity

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25
Q

what are cascades overtime?

A

changes at one period in development result in changes at a later period in the same or different domain
- for example, children who experience low-quality parenting early may experience academic probles later, as well as limits to future education choices

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26
Q

what is the third goal of developmental science?

A
  • applying
27
Q

what are two applications of developmental science

A
  1. development science has social and practical implications
    - for example prevention and intervention programs, educational curricula, parenting supports, local and national investmenst
    ( developmental science informs local, state, and federal policies and initiatives that affect families and children. Maternity
    and paternity leave policies, child and family welfare laws, health care initiatives, programs such as Head Start (which provide quality
    childcare and support to poor families), and even laws about the legal ages for smoking and drinking present noteworthy examples of
    areas that are grounded in the findings of developmental science.)
  2. developmental science can inform design, implementation and evaluation of prgrams and polices
    - book reading programs ( Book reading has the potential to expose
    infants and toddlers to a greater variety of words than children would otherwise encounter during other activities. Exposure to new
    words, in turn, facilitates growth in vocabulary that sets children on a path toward academic success)
28
Q

What are two things you should know regarding research in development science

A
  1. How to conduct research
  2. Ensuring scientific rigour and integrity
29
Q

whats discovery based science?

A

science based on discovering and understanding what children do and what development looks like without assuming

examples of discovery based science include Piagets constructivist theory of development and bowlbys theory of attachnment

30
Q

what is a sample

A

participants in a study

31
Q

the amount of people in a sample is called

A

sample size

32
Q

whats sample demographics

A

age, gender, education level, employment status, annual household income, marital and family status, housing, business etc

33
Q

whats generlizability

A

how do research findings from one sample extend to a population at large

34
Q

if the sample is larger then the —– the chance that findings are generalizable

A

if the sample is larger then the greater the chance that findings are generalizable

35
Q

what is convenience sampling

A

recruiting participants in a study based on how easy b it is to get them ( like example a student will ask their classmates to complete their survey)

36
Q

will there be any biases in samples of convenience?

A

yes, there may be bias findings and it may differ from the larger population

37
Q

whats are “WEIRD” populations in developmental psychology

A
  • WEIRD stands for
    Western
    Educated
    Industrialized
    Rich
    Democratic
38
Q

why is having “WEIRD” participant populations in research a problem?

A
  • increase evidence that numerous findings in development, even ones presumed to be “universal” are, in fact , tied to specific cultural contexts
  • our understanding of human development is limited
39
Q

list the four types of research methods

A
  1. Interviews
  2. Written surveys
  3. Observations
  4. Psychological Assessments
40
Q

provide an example and list the pro + con of interviews

A

example:
- structured vs unstructured interviews

pros:
- data from participants on their behaviour
- researched can get info on infrequent behaviours/events that cant be observed in a single study session

cons:
- participants can be biased
- participant scan disclose information to hide negative behaviors or feelings

41
Q

provide an example and list the pro + con of written surveys

A

example:
- paper, online

pros:
- participant scan respond without talking to researcher, this can lower soical desirability effects

cons:
- need literacy skills, therefore young children or people with low education may be disinclined

42
Q

provide an example and list the pro + con of observations

A

example:
- naturalistic observation, structured observations, direct assesments

pros:
- researchers can directly observe/asses behaviours of interest

cons:
- can be costly time-wise, participants behaviour may be influnces by researchers pressence

43
Q

provide an example and list the pro + con of psycholgical assesments

A

example:
- brain activation, heart rate, blood pressure, eye movements, measures of hormones

pros:
- can assess how participants react and respond to diff stimuli and diff situations phsysiologgical
- offers a diff lens

cons:
- can be costly in required tech and training
- some methods cannot be used with young children
- can be hard to factor causation, sometimes people have hormones based on time of day etc

44
Q

what are study designs

A

specific plan for conductings a study that allows the researcher to test a study hypothesis

45
Q

what are the 6 types of study designs?

A

1) correlational studies
2) experiments
3) longitudinal studies
4) cross-sectional study
5) cohort sequential study
6) microgenetic design

46
Q

what are correlational studies

A

test associations between two or more variables with no manipulation of variables

47
Q

example of correlations study

A

finding a relationship between # of hours playing violent games and children’s aggressive behaviours

48
Q

whats a confounding variable

A

a third variable that may relate to both dependents and independent variables

49
Q

what are experiment sand what varibles does it include

A

a research method testing a hypothesis about a cause and effect relationship between two or more variables
a) independent variable – manipulated
b) dependent variable – measures

example: violent video games

50
Q

whats a longitudal study

A

follows the same particpants over time

51
Q

whats a cross sectional study

A

tests diff groups of participants at diff ages

52
Q

whats a cohort sequential study

A

tests different groups of participants, but then follows them across time

53
Q

microgenetic design

A

frequent assessments over a small period of time

54
Q

How do you ensure scientific rigour and integrity

A
  1. by reliability, validity and replicability
  2. Ethical considerations
55
Q

what are the two common types of reliability?

A
  1. Inter-rater reliability
  2. test-retest Reliability
56
Q

whats inter rater reliabilty

A

the extent to which diff observers reach the same results

57
Q

whats test retest reliability

A

participant receives same or similar score when testes at diff times and under similar conditions

58
Q

what are the 4 diff types of validity?

A
  1. face validity
  2. concurrent validity
  3. predictive validity
  4. external validity
59
Q

whats face validty

A

the purpose of the meausre is clear to people who look it over

60
Q

what concurrent validity

A

reflects degree to which a measure corresponds to another measure that tests the same phenomenon at the same point in time

61
Q

what is predictive validity

A

reflects the degree to which a measure predicts a criterion to be measured at a future point

62
Q

what is external validity

A

refers to the extent to which a measure can be applied across diff settings or diff groups of people

63
Q

what are 9 SRCD ethical principles

A
  1. confidentiality
  2. full disclosure no deception
  3. informed consent
  4. informing/debreifing participants
  5. mutual responsiilty
  6. non-harmful procedures
  7. anonymity
  8. clear agreement
  9. voluntary participation, righ to withdraw

Preet psy 302 (3 decks)

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