Lecture 1 - Genome Expression

Question 1

What are the three primary branches on the tree of life?

Answer 1

-Bacteria (Eubacteria) -Archaea (Archaebacteria) -Eucaryotes

Question 2

Archaea and bacteria are considered what type of cells?

Answer 2

Prokaryotes

Question 3

What are the characteristics of a prokaryote?

Answer 3

• single-celled
• lack nucleus and organelles

Question 4

These cells come together and form biofilms

Answer 4

Prokaryotes

Question 5

What protects prokaryotes from outer conditions?

Answer 5

The cell wall

Question 6

What are the characteristics of a eukaryote?

Answer 6

• single-celled or multicellular
• have nuclei and organelles

Question 7

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 7

Houses the genetic material

Question 8

What are the functions of organelles?

Answer 8

Helps with specific functions

Question 9

Where does transcription occur in a prokaryote? Where does translation occur?

Answer 9

They both occur inside the same compartment, they occur at the same time.

Question 10

Which of the two cells is larger?

Answer 10

Eukaryotes are much larger.

Question 11

In what ways do eukaryotes differ structurally from prokaryotes?

Answer 11

Eukaryotes are compartimentalized.

Question 12

What allows eukaryotes to change shape?

Answer 12

Extensive cytoskeletal network

Question 13

Describe the endosymbiotic relationship

Answer 13

A predator would go around eating prokaryotes until one benefitted it. It became the mitochondria and chloroplast.

Question 14

Name a phagocytic cell

Answer 14

Neutrophil

Question 15

Describe a phagocytic cell

Answer 15

• Scavenges for bacteria
• Very fluid
• Changes shape using phagocytosis

Question 16

What role does the genome play?

Answer 16

Encodes the information to construct and maintain an organism.

Question 17

What make up genomes?

Answer 17

DNA (some viruses have RNA genomes)

Question 18

How does the genome release the biological information stored?

Answer 18

It uses genome expression.

Question 19

What is the FIRST product of genome expression?

Answer 19

The transcriptome.

Question 20

Define the transcriptome

Answer 20

All the RNA molecules present in a cell at a particular time.

Question 21

What does the transcriptome provide?

Answer 21

It provides a fingerprint for each type of gene.

Question 22

What does the DNA Microarray allow us to do?

Answer 22

It can comapre the unknown transcriptome to all known cells and the similarities will help identify it. (Red are highly expressed and green are lowly expressed)

Question 23

The transcriptome is maintained by what process?

Answer 23

Transcription

Question 24

Explain what occurs during transcription.

Answer 24

RNA is synthesized (transcription) from DNA with the help of RNA polymerase. DNA is transcribed into RNA.

Question 25

What is the SECOND product of genome expression?

Answer 25

The proteome

Question 26

Define the proteome

Answer 26

The collection of proteins in a cell

Question 27

What do the proteins affect in the cell?

Answer 27

They define the biochemical functions in the cell (metabolic reactions)

Question 28

When do we use 2D gel electrophoresis?

Answer 28

It is used to compare the protein compositions in two different cells.

Question 29

Which technique does the following graph represent?

Answer 29

DNA Microarray -comparison of transcriptomes (genes)

Question 30

Which of the following techniques is depicted in the graph below?

Answer 30

2D gel electrophoresis -comparison of protein compositions

Question 31

The proteome is maintained by which process?

Answer 31

Translation

Question 32

Explain the process of translation.

Answer 32

RNA is translated into a protein (protein synthesis) by a ribosome.

Question 33

What is the central dogma?

Answer 33

Genome (DNA) --\> Transcriptome (RNA) --\> Proteome (protein)

Question 34

How do the different cell types of multicellular organism compare?

Answer 34

They all have the same genome.

Question 35

How are different cell types produced within an organism?

Answer 35

They have the same genome but differences in genome expression. They express different subsets of genes to get different shapes and functions.

Question 36

Why aren't all genes expressed at the same time?

Answer 36

It is not energetically favourable.