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BIO230 > Lecture 1 - Genome Expression > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Genome Expression Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three primary branches on the tree of life?

A

-Bacteria (Eubacteria) -Archaea (Archaebacteria) -Eucaryotes

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2
Q

Archaea and bacteria are considered what type of cells?

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a prokaryote?

A
  • single-celled
  • lack nucleus and organelles
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4
Q

These cells come together and form biofilms

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

What protects prokaryotes from outer conditions?

A

The cell wall

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of a eukaryote?

A
  • single-celled or multicellular
  • have nuclei and organelles
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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Houses the genetic material

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8
Q

What are the functions of organelles?

A

Helps with specific functions

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9
Q

Where does transcription occur in a prokaryote? Where does translation occur?

A

They both occur inside the same compartment, they occur at the same time.

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10
Q

Which of the two cells is larger?

A

Eukaryotes are much larger.

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11
Q

In what ways do eukaryotes differ structurally from prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes are compartimentalized.

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12
Q

What allows eukaryotes to change shape?

A

Extensive cytoskeletal network

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13
Q

Describe the endosymbiotic relationship

A

A predator would go around eating prokaryotes until one benefitted it. It became the mitochondria and chloroplast.

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14
Q

Name a phagocytic cell

A

Neutrophil

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15
Q

Describe a phagocytic cell

A
  • Scavenges for bacteria
  • Very fluid
  • Changes shape using phagocytosis
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16
Q

What role does the genome play?

A

Encodes the information to construct and maintain an organism.

17
Q

What make up genomes?

A

DNA (some viruses have RNA genomes)

18
Q

How does the genome release the biological information stored?

A

It uses genome expression.

19
Q

What is the FIRST product of genome expression?

A

The transcriptome.

20
Q

Define the transcriptome

A

All the RNA molecules present in a cell at a particular time.

21
Q

What does the transcriptome provide?

A

It provides a fingerprint for each type of gene.

22
Q

What does the DNA Microarray allow us to do?

A

It can comapre the unknown transcriptome to all known cells and the similarities will help identify it. (Red are highly expressed and green are lowly expressed)

23
Q

The transcriptome is maintained by what process?

A

Transcription

24
Q

Explain what occurs during transcription.

A

RNA is synthesized (transcription) from DNA with the help of RNA polymerase. DNA is transcribed into RNA.

25
Q

What is the SECOND product of genome expression?

A

The proteome

26
Q

Define the proteome

A

The collection of proteins in a cell

27
Q

What do the proteins affect in the cell?

A

They define the biochemical functions in the cell (metabolic reactions)

28
Q

When do we use 2D gel electrophoresis?

A

It is used to compare the protein compositions in two different cells.

29
Q

Which technique does the following graph represent?

A

DNA Microarray

-comparison of transcriptomes (genes)

30
Q

Which of the following techniques is depicted in the graph below?

A

2D gel electrophoresis

-comparison of protein compositions

31
Q

The proteome is maintained by which process?

A

Translation

32
Q

Explain the process of translation.

A

RNA is translated into a protein (protein synthesis) by a ribosome.

33
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

Genome (DNA) –> Transcriptome (RNA) –> Proteome (protein)

34
Q

How do the different cell types of multicellular organism compare?

A

They all have the same genome.

35
Q

How are different cell types produced within an organism?

A

They have the same genome but differences in genome expression. They express different subsets of genes to get different shapes and functions.

36
Q

Why aren’t all genes expressed at the same time?

A

It is not energetically favourable.

BIO230 (2 decks)

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