Lecture 1 General Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What is anatomy
Structures of the body
What is physiology
Functions of the body
What is systemic anatomy
Groups of organs working together
What is histology
Tissues and their structures
What is cytology
Cells and their structures
What is cell physiology
Processes within and between cells
What is special physiology
Functions of specific organs
What is systemic physiology
Functions of organ systems
What is pathophysiology
Effects of diseases
What are the levels of organization
Chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system
What is homeostasis
Process of maintaining a stable internal environment within the body
- normal range rather than fixed level
- failure to be in normal range leads to diseases
Intrinsic regulation
Automatic response in cell, tissue or organ
Parts of regulatory mechanism
Receptor: received stimulus
Center: processes the signal, sends instructions
Effector: carries out instructions
What is negative feedback
The response of the effector REVERSES the stimulus
What is positive feedback
The response of the effector REINFORCES the stimulus
What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Left lower quadrant
What are the 9 adominolelvic regions
Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right inguinal region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left inguinal region Middle Epigastric region Umbillical region Hypogastric (pubic) region
What is the sagittal plane
Divides body into left and right portions
What is the frontal plane
Divides the body into anterior and exterior portions
What is the transverse plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions
What do serous membranes consist of
Parietal layer and visceral layer
What are the types of cells
Somatic cells
Sex cells
Structure of cell membrane
55% proteins
42% lipids
3% carbohydrates
Cytoskeleton
Gives the cytoplasm strength & flexibility Components - microfilaments - intermediate filaments - thick filaments (only in muscle cells) - microtubules
Microfilaments
(<6nm)
- Anchor the cytoskeleton to integral membrane proteins
- support microvilli
- interact with thick filaments (myosin) to produce cellular movement
Intermediate filaments
(7-11nm)
- strengthen cell and maintain shape
- no role in cell movement
Thick filaments
(15nm)
- only in muscle cells
- interact with actin filaments to produce muscle contraction
Microtubules
(25nm)
- composed of tubulin protein
- provides strength, rigidity; anchor organelles
- alter shape
- moves vesicles/organelles
Microvilli
Short finger-like projections
Increase cell area
Attaches to cytoskeleton
Contains bundles of cytoskeleton
Cilia
Long slender extensions
Contains microtubules
Moves fluids across cell surface
What are the nonmembraneous organelles
Cytoskeleton Microvilli Centrioles Cilia Ribosomes Proteasomes
What are the membraneous organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria
Function of mitochondria
Generates ATP
Energy production in the cell
By glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (Krebs cycle)
Isotonic solution (donut shape)
Has equal number of solutes
Doesnt cause flow of water in or out of cell
Doesnt gain or lose water
Hypotonic solution (ball shape)
Has less solutes
Loses water through osmosis
Gains water
Swells
Hypertonic solution (exploding shape)
More solutes
Gains water by osmosis
Loses water
Shrinks
What is osmosis
More solute molecules and lower concentration of water molecules
Membrane must be:
- freely permeable to water
- Not permeable to solutes
3 catergories of transport
1) diffusion
2) carrier-mediated transport (passive or active)
3) vesicular transport (active)
What is carrier-mediated transport
Transport of ions and organic substances across cell membrane binding to integral proteins
Types of carrier-mediated transport
Facilitated diffusion (passive) Active transport (active) Secondary active transport (active)
Endocytosis
A substance gains entry into a cell 3 categories 1) phagocytosis 2) pinocytosis 3) receptor-mediated endocytosis
Mitosis to start it needs
Loosely coiled chromatin network changes into tightly coiled chromosomes
3 stages of mitosis division
1) DNA replication
2) mitosis
3) cytokinesis
Stages of mitosis (PMAT)
Prophase 36mins - centriole moves to cell pole Metaphase 3mins - chromosomes align in center plane Anaphase 3mins - microtubules pull chromosomes apart Telophase 18mins - nuclear envelopes reform
Cytokinesis
- cytoplasm divides
- membrane closes
Cell division & tumors
Tumor (neoplasm) -benign tumor: localized, nonlive threat - malignant tumor: invasive, may spread, can be fatal Oncogenes - mutated genes that cause tumors
Tissues are
Collections of cells and cell products that preform specific, limited functions
Histology: study of tissues
