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Anatomy > Lecture 1 General Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 General Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy

A

Structures of the body

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2
Q

What is physiology

A

Functions of the body

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3
Q

What is systemic anatomy

A

Groups of organs working together

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4
Q

What is histology

A

Tissues and their structures

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5
Q

What is cytology

A

Cells and their structures

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6
Q

What is cell physiology

A

Processes within and between cells

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7
Q

What is special physiology

A

Functions of specific organs

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8
Q

What is systemic physiology

A

Functions of organ systems

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9
Q

What is pathophysiology

A

Effects of diseases

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10
Q

What are the levels of organization

A

Chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system

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11
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Process of maintaining a stable internal environment within the body

  • normal range rather than fixed level
  • failure to be in normal range leads to diseases
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12
Q

Intrinsic regulation

A

Automatic response in cell, tissue or organ

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13
Q

Parts of regulatory mechanism

A

Receptor: received stimulus
Center: processes the signal, sends instructions
Effector: carries out instructions

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14
Q

What is negative feedback

A

The response of the effector REVERSES the stimulus

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15
Q

What is positive feedback

A

The response of the effector REINFORCES the stimulus

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16
Q

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants

A

Right upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Left lower quadrant

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17
Q

What are the 9 adominolelvic regions

A 
Right hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Right inguinal region
Left hypochondriac region
Left lumbar region
Left inguinal region
Middle
Epigastric region
Umbillical region
Hypogastric (pubic) region
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18
Q

What is the sagittal plane

A

Divides body into left and right portions

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19
Q

What is the frontal plane

A

Divides the body into anterior and exterior portions

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20
Q

What is the transverse plane

A

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

21
Q

What do serous membranes consist of

A

Parietal layer and visceral layer

22
Q

What are the types of cells

A

Somatic cells

Sex cells

23
Q

Structure of cell membrane

A

55% proteins
42% lipids
3% carbohydrates

24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A 
Gives the cytoplasm strength & flexibility 
Components
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
- thick filaments (only in muscle cells)
- microtubules
25
Q

Microfilaments

A

(<6nm)

  • Anchor the cytoskeleton to integral membrane proteins
  • support microvilli
  • interact with thick filaments (myosin) to produce cellular movement
26
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

(7-11nm)

  • strengthen cell and maintain shape
  • no role in cell movement
27
Q

Thick filaments

A

(15nm)

  • only in muscle cells
  • interact with actin filaments to produce muscle contraction
28
Q

Microtubules

A

(25nm)

  • composed of tubulin protein
  • provides strength, rigidity; anchor organelles
  • alter shape
  • moves vesicles/organelles
29
Q

Microvilli

A

Short finger-like projections
Increase cell area
Attaches to cytoskeleton
Contains bundles of cytoskeleton

30
Q

Cilia

A

Long slender extensions
Contains microtubules
Moves fluids across cell surface

31
Q

What are the nonmembraneous organelles

A 
Cytoskeleton 
Microvilli
Centrioles
Cilia
Ribosomes
Proteasomes
32
Q

What are the membraneous organelles

A 
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
33
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Generates ATP

34
Q

Energy production in the cell

A

By glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (Krebs cycle)

35
Q

Isotonic solution (donut shape)

A

Has equal number of solutes
Doesnt cause flow of water in or out of cell
Doesnt gain or lose water

36
Q

Hypotonic solution (ball shape)

A

Has less solutes
Loses water through osmosis
Gains water
Swells

37
Q

Hypertonic solution (exploding shape)

A

More solutes
Gains water by osmosis
Loses water
Shrinks

38
Q

What is osmosis

A

More solute molecules and lower concentration of water molecules
Membrane must be:
- freely permeable to water
- Not permeable to solutes

39
Q

3 catergories of transport

A

1) diffusion
2) carrier-mediated transport (passive or active)
3) vesicular transport (active)

40
Q

What is carrier-mediated transport

A

Transport of ions and organic substances across cell membrane binding to integral proteins

41
Q

Types of carrier-mediated transport

A 
Facilitated diffusion (passive)
Active transport (active)
Secondary active transport (active)
42
Q

Endocytosis

A 
A substance gains entry into a cell
3 categories
1) phagocytosis
2) pinocytosis
3) receptor-mediated endocytosis
43
Q

Mitosis to start it needs

A

Loosely coiled chromatin network changes into tightly coiled chromosomes

44
Q

3 stages of mitosis division

A

1) DNA replication
2) mitosis
3) cytokinesis

45
Q

Stages of mitosis (PMAT)

A 
Prophase 36mins
- centriole moves to cell pole
Metaphase 3mins
- chromosomes align in center plane
Anaphase 3mins
- microtubules pull chromosomes apart
Telophase 18mins
- nuclear envelopes reform
46
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • cytoplasm divides

- membrane closes

47
Q

Cell division & tumors

A 
Tumor (neoplasm)
-benign tumor: localized, nonlive threat
- malignant tumor: invasive, may spread, can be fatal
Oncogenes
- mutated genes that cause tumors
48
Q

Tissues are

A

Collections of cells and cell products that preform specific, limited functions
Histology: study of tissues

Anatomy (5 decks)

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